For centuries, religion has been the cornerstone of communal identities in the European East. Particularly in the Balkans, social cohesion based on religious affiliation and loyalty has challenged the coexistence of different groups, engendering much of the socio- political conflict in the past and present. Modern politics in the ethnically and religiously diverse Balkan countries, erstwhile provinces of the Ottoman Empire, had historically replaced Byzantine influence in the region. Underlying issues of believing and belonging continue to underpin contemporary public policy and debate.
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