دانلود کتاب فونون‌های تراهرتز و ناپایداری‌های نانومکانیکی

The present book titled Terahertz Phonons and Nanomechanical Instabilities: Unlocking LENR in Condensed Matter with Insights into Geo, Astro, Electro, and Biochemical Systems is composed of 25 chapters. The contents of 14 chapters over the total 25 are corresponding to those of my previous coedited Springer book titled Acoustic, Electromagnetic, Neutron Emissions from Fracture and Earthquakes (2015), which was composed of a total of 17 chapters. The present version of the 14 corresponding chapters is updated and improved, as well as the text has been totally revised, reedited, and often partially rewritten. The fundamental reasons to propose this extension are in my further research activity on the same topic over the last ten years. This activity was rich of new important results and of several experimental and theoretical confirmations of my earlier results. The latter are reported in the remaining 11 totally new Chapters 7, 9, 12–14, 16, 20, 22–25. TeraHertz phonons and/or plasmons are produced in solids and fluids by mechanical instabilities at the nanoscale (fracture and cavitation). Their frequency is close to the resonance frequency of atomic lattices (Debye frequency) and their energy is close to that of thermal neutrons. A series of fracture experiments on natural rocks and the systematic monitoring of seismic events have revealed that TeraHertz phonons and/or plasmons are able to induce fission reactions in medium-weight chemical elements (in particular, iron and calcium), with neutron and/or alpha particle emissions (without gamma radiation and radioactive wastes). The same phenomenon appears to occur in several different situations and to explain puzzles regarding the history of our planet, like the primordial carbon “pollution” (and the correlated iron depletion with the well-known basaltic-to-sialic transformation in the Earth’s Continental Crust) or the ocean formation (and the correlated calcium depletion), as well as scientific mysteries, like the so-called cold fusion or the correct radiocarbon dating of organic materials. In general, phono-fission nuclear reactions have a fundamental role in the chemical evolution of our planet and the planets of Solar System, through tectonics and seismicity (rocky planets), as well as atmospheric storms (gaseous planets and the Sun itself). Three different forms of emitted energy might be used as earthquake precursors. At the macro-scale, acoustic emission (AE) prevails, as well as electromagnetic emission (EME) at the meso-scale, and neutron emission (NE) at the micro- and nanoscale. The three fracto-emissions tend to anticipate the incoming seismic event with an evident and chronologically ordered time shifting: small forming cracks, high frequencies, and neutron emission at least one week before, longer extended cracks, lower frequencies, as well as electromagnetic and acoustic waves later and temporally closer to the seismic event. The experimental observations reveal a high correlation between the three fracto-emission peaks and the major earthquakes occurring in the areas closest to the seismic station. Regarding “cold fusion”, despite the great amount of experimental results, the comprehension of this phenomenon still remains unsatisfactory. On the other hand, as reported by several authors, one of the common features is the appearance of microcracks on the electrode external surfaces after the electrolysis experiments. A mechanical explanation is proposed as a consequence of hydrogen embrittlement in the electrodes during the electrolysis. The preliminary experimental activity was conducted using a Ni-Fe anode and a Co-Cr cathode immersed in a potassium carbonate water solution. Emissions of neutrons and alpha particles were measured during the experiments as well as evident chemical composition changes in the electrodes, revealing the effects of fission reactions in the host lattices. The resultant helium atoms (or alpha particles) are not usually due to the nuclear fusion of couples of hydrogen or deuterium atoms, rather they simply represent some of the fission fragments. In order to confirm the preliminary results, further electrolytic tests were conducted using palladium and nickel electrodes. As for the earlier experiments, relevant compositional changes and the appearance of lighter elements previously absent were observed. The most relevant process emerging from the experiments is the primary fission of palladium (decrement approximately equal to 30%) into iron and calcium. Then, secondary fissions appear, in turn producing oxygen atoms, alpha particles, and neutrons. The chemical composition changes are fully confirmed by four repetitions of the same identical experiment. An extensive evaluation of the heat generation is carried out showing a positive energy balance in correspondence to the major neutron emission peaks. Analogous experimental results are also obtained from hydrodynamic cavitation experiments on iron salt water solutions. In that case, the triggering mechanical instability is represented by the implosion of micro- and nanobubbles. Very important implications to and applications in earthquake precursors, earlystage fatigue diagnostics, geochemical evolution, climate change, and energy production are likely to develop in the next future. Scientists engaged in geochemistry, mineralogy, geology, astrochemistry, planetology, climatology, seismology, geophysics, condensed matter physics, and biology could receive a great benefit from the innovative and holistic vision of this book. I would like to gratefully thank all the contributors to the different chapters of the volume, for their competent efforts in sharing with me the difficulties of this cutting-edge research project. The volume results to be particularly multi- and interdisciplinary. Only with the valid help of so many and scientifically diverse scientists was it possible for me to rebuild a so complex, complete, and consistent scenario. Such tireless work began in 2008, 17 years ago, and has developed over the years with the fruitful collaboration of 18 contributors (listed in the acknowledgements section), and with the important support of additional experts, who are usually acknowledged at the end of the single chapters. The disciplines involved and the expertise of my coworkers are the most different: from theoretical and applied mechanics to condensed matter physics, from chemistry to mineralogy, from radiation measurements to thermodynamics, from acoustics to electromagnetism, from seismology to geophysics. My personal expertise in Solid Mechanics and in Fracture Mechanics, as well as my academic titles in mathematics and in nuclear engineering, allowed me to discuss and exchange ideas with all of them rather easily. After seven years without any specific financial support (2008–2015), when our research work was only curiosity-driven, I and my research group received two major dedicated grants. MetalWork S.p.A., a private industrial company with a technical interest and expertise in fluid flow cavitation, supported us for four years (2015–2019) in the project “Hydrodynamic Cavitation and Correlated Energy Aspects”. The follow-up from this research activity is relevant and disseminated over the entire book. I feel deeply indebted to the President Erminio Bonatti and to the Manager Fausto Rodella for their enthusiastic and continued support. A later and decisive financial support to accomplish my studies and write the present book came from the European Union, through the “Horizon 2020” Programme for Research and Innovation (2020–2024). The general title of this fouryear project was “Clean Energy from Hydrogen-Metal Systems (CleanHME)” (Grant 951974). This book is subdivided into seven parts and each part into different chapters. Over the total of 25 chapters in the book, the contents of the following ten chapters were developed during the project and financially supported by it: 7, 9, 12–14, 16, 22–25. The Open Access Service Agreement related to the book was established between Politecnico di Torino and Springer Nature on the basis of the above mentioned grant. As for the previous grant, the emphasis of the project title was on the energy aspects, whereas the major outcomes and most groundbreaking results are perhaps in other correlated directions. It appears to be a typical case of Serendipity. I would like to thank the European Coordinator of the project, Konrad Czerski, as well as the Colleagues Jean-Paul Biberian and Andras Kovacs, who have always shown a pro-active interest in the development of my contribution. A sincere thought of gratitude is also addressed to the several colleagues who considered, encouraged, and, in some cases, inspired my research work. In particular, I would like to recall: Fabio Cardone, Francesco Celani, Yogendra Srivastava, Allan Widom, Peter Hagelstein, and Yoshiaki Arata, who are among the major experts in low-energy nuclear reactions (LENR); Giuseppe Careglio, Piero Pizzi, and Stefano Re Fiorentin, who are members of the “Club of Technical Managers (CDT)” within the Industrial Union in Turin; Maurizio Maggiore, the European Union Officer who firstly proposed the call for our rather controversial project; Claudio Pace and Bill Collis, who nominated me for the Giuliano Preparata Medal, which is awarded by the International Society for Condensed Matter Nuclear Science and I could win at Assisi in 2022. A special thought is then for a very nice person and outstanding scientist, who passed away some years ago; nevertheless he is still alive in this book through his effective lattice model for the atomic nucleus that we have updated and extensively applied: Norman Cook. He was Coauthor of a joint theoretical chapter in my edited book Acoustic, Electromagnetic, Neutron Emissions from Fracture and Earthquakes, Springer 2015. I cannot forget to mention that major Scientific Institutions in Italy, through the action of their representatives, were interested in our research work, sometimes giving it relevant contributions: first of all, Politecnico di Torino, with my Department of Structural, Geotechnical, and Building Engineering, the Department of Environment, Land, and Infrastructure Engineering (Riccardo Sandrone), the Department of Applied Science and Technology (Monica Ferraris), and the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (Francesca M. Curà). In addition, I wish to gratefully acknowledge the National Institute of Nuclear Physics, INFN (Alba Zanini), the National Agency for Atomic Energy, ENEA (Massimo Sepielli), the National Research Council, CNR (Fabio Cardone), the Italian Institute of Technology, IIT (Candido Pirri), and the National Research Institute of Metrology, INRIM (Riccardo Malvano). On different occasions, the echoes of my scientific results were reflected by very popular national and international media. The following TV channels and productions, as well as their very professional and well-known journalists, focused the attention onto my preliminary results. I wish to gratefully acknowledge: Silvia Rosa Brusin (RAI3, Tg Leonardo, 2011); Sveva Sagramola (RAI3, Geo and Geo, 2014); Sante Altizio (Director of the documentary “La Passione e la Ragione”, Luna Film Production, 50 min, 2015); NBC News (National Broadcasting Company, USA, 2015).