دانلود کتاب اتوماسیون سیستم قدرت مبتنی بر مدل – رویکردی شی‌گرا مبتنی بر IEC 61850

The introduction of multifunctional Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) in Substation Automation Systems (SAS) and power plants has revolutionized how these systems are designed, operated, and maintained by manufacturers, integrators, consultants, utilities, and the energy industry. From simple electromechanical analog relays to static relays, and now to modern digital and virtual devices connected through high-speed communication networks both inside and outside substations, automation engineers have seen a shift from pure hardware to firmware and current software-based systems. Today, SAS are complex, wide-area distributed systems that must interact in real time not only with humans and the industrial processes they oversee and control but also with other substations, power plants, distributed generation sources, remote Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems, and Asset Management systems. Unlike earlier SAS technologies, which rely on localized hardware and software with synchronous, time-dependent components, these newer systems utilize distributed hardware and software characterized by asynchronous, real-time behavior that challenges traditional design, testing, and operational methods. This evolution was mainly driven by the introduction of the IEC 61850 standard (Communication Networks and Systems for Power Utility Automation). This standard defines an object-oriented, model-based software approach for interacting with IEDs, both within and between electric substations, power plants, and distributed resource stations. Although it did not standardize the functions to be performed by an SAS, it standardized how these functions should communicate, not only among themselves and with the controlled process but also with other stations and distributed power plants. Standardization occurred at a high abstraction level, related to the application layer—the highest level of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) communication stack defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)— paving the way for its adoption in many other fields. From a designer, system architect, or integrator perspective, engineering an SAS based on IEC 61850 involves choosing and connecting various hardware, software, services, and data structures (or logical nodes) provided by relay manufacturers or software providers. These components are linked through high-speed local and wide-area networks that follow a common standard. This standardization, in principle, guarantees that logical nodes or servers from different vendors can communicate and work together when connected via an appropriate network. Standardized conformance tests are available, and interoperability has been demonstrated by major suppliers, integrators, and utilities, with these solutions deployed in numerous countries and projects worldwide. From a utility or maintenance engineer’s perspective, the distributed nature of these systems makes it challenging to use most traditional commissioning, maintenance, and testing methods. Isolating a single relay or function for testing is no longer as simple as it was with electromechanical, static, or digital monofunctional relays. Functions may now be spread across multiple IEDs that can participate in several functions, requiring a systematic approach to their design, testing, and maintenance. These and other requirements are thoroughly addressed by CIGRE, IEC, and IEEE working groups and in recent editions of IEC 61850, and are the focus of this book.