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To practice evidence- based medicine, doctors need to be able to critic-ally appraise research evidence. The majority of medical research involves quantitative methods and so it is essential to be able to understand and interpret statistics. In addition, many doctors conduct research which re-quires the use of statistics throughout the research process from design, to data collection and analysis, to interpretation and dissemination.
Doctors study statistics at undergraduate and postgraduate level and there is an increasing move towards teaching programmes that are based on real clinical problems and real data. However, in our experience both as teacher and former medical student, courses do not always fully equip doctors to critically appraise research evidence or to conduct research and communicate the findings. We have written this book to help bridge this gap by covering the span of topics from research design, through collecting and handling data to simple and complex statistical analyses.
We have aimed to be as comprehensive as possible in this handbook and so we have included all commonly- used statistical methods as well as more advanced methods such as multifactorial regression, mixed models, GEEs, Bayesian models that are seen in medical papers. However, medical statis-tics is a broad and ever- growing discipline and so it is inevitable that some newer or less commonly- used topics have not found their way into this edition. For all methods we have provided clear guidance on when methods may be used and how the results of analyses are interpreted using examples from the medical literature and our own research. We have chosen to give formulae and worked examples for the ‘simpler’ methods as we know that the more mathematically minded readers may want to understand where the numbers come from. For those who do not wish to know, or who simply don’t have time, these can be ignored without loss of continuity.
This book is written in the popular Oxford Handbook style with one topic per double- page spread, providing easy access to discrete topics for busy doctors and students. Writing in this format has provided a challenge to us since many topics in medical statistics build on other topics and there-fore assume prior knowledge. For this reason we have included many cross- references to other sections of the book so that other relevant information is clearly signposted. We have also included references for further reading where we believe that readers may wish to explore the topic in more detail. Writing any material in a punchy, brief style carries the danger of omitting material or ‘dumbing it down’. We have fought hard to avoid doing this, not excluding material but making the format both accessible and thorough. We hope that you agree that we have managed to make this work.