دانلود کتاب ژئودزی فیزیکی: تغییر شکل کشسان سراسری زمین

During the last half-century, with the advancement of radio, satellite, and information technologies, geodesy has transitioned from a discipline of science mainly relying on ground-to-ground and ground-to-space optical observations (of next importance are ground distance and gravity measurements) to a discipline of science mainly relying on ground-to-space, space-to-ground, and space-to-space radio observations (of next importance are ground and airborne gravity measurements). A large amount of space geodetic data has been collected, and the amount is growing more and more rapidly. These data are extremely accurate that monitoring changes of the Earth’s shape, gravity, and rotation became a routine task. Therefore, studying the relevant Earth system properties and processes using these data became an integrated and significant part of geodesy. The contents of this book are expected to serve as a framework of fundamental theories for this kind of studies, and belong to the essential background physics of geodesy nowadays. The main focus of this book is on the theory of elastic deformation and rotation of the solid Earth in response to external forcings, with an emphasis on the presentday mass transport in the hydrosphere-cryosphere-atmosphere system, which is closely related to climate changes. This is the underlying theory to invert data of changes of Earth’s shape, gravity, and rotation for mass transport in the atmospherehydrosphere- cryosphere system, which could be in turn used as data in climate studies. Gravity and shape of the Earth are essential for the deformation theory, and are included as a chapter. Elastic deformation of the Earth is also the main concern of seismology. Particularly, the structure, density, and elastic parameters of the Earth are determined using seismic data. Therefore, a chapter on seismology and its application to determine the structure, density, and elastic parameters of the Earth is included, with a particular emphasis on the free oscillation, which is also a kind of global elastic deformation of the Earth. Central to the main focus of this book is the formulation of the Love-Shida numbers of the spherical elastic Earth model not found elsewhere in both comprehensiveness and detail, including the method of computation. Major applications of the theory to interpret data are addressed. It is my hope that this book serve as a self-sufficient textbook, which is understandable stand-alone. Particular care is taken for the need of students who desire to understand the theories thoroughly starting from the first principles. Hence, the formulations are presented in extensive detail starting from very fundamental mathematics and physics. Results without the detail of derivation are cited only in a few instances, which are less relevant to the scope of this book, and the readers are referred to other references for derivations. The readers are required to have a good understanding of single and multivariable calculus and some elementary knowledge of ordinary differential equations and matrix algebra. This is a mathematical background similar to that acquired by most physical science or engineering undergraduates during their freshman and sophomore years. Mathematics beyond are included in the book in detail, most notably, vector and tensor analysis, spherical harmonics, as well as the methods and implementations of numerical computations concerned. The readers are also required to have taken a course of calculus-based mechanics, preferably a course of Classical Mechanics. Relevant knowledge of physics including elasticity and solid body rotation is explained from first principles without jump of logic or derivation. The readers who are familiar with the mathematics and physics mentioned can use the texts for refreshing the knowledge and as references for subsequent texts of the book. The readers are not required to have any background knowledge in Earth sciences; relevant Earth science knowledge is included in the brief first chapter of the book to the depth required. I also expect this book to serve as a reference for researchers. Hence, a compromise is made in various subjects between the need for the self-containdness of this book and that required in understanding the relevant literature, particularly in Chaps. 2 to 4 dedicated largely to mathematics and physics. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first book in this discipline that brings mathematics, physics, and geophysics together in such a detail and depth starting from very fundamental undergraduate mathematics and physics.