دانلود کتاب خطرات سلاح‌های هسته‌ای در زمانی دشوار، مجموعه مقالات بیست و سومین کنفرانس ادواردو آمالدی

We live today in a world with regions riven by conflicts that have the potential to escalate to scales seen in the 20th century, or even far worse. Nearly 70 years ago, the first Pugwash conference established the model of scientists from different countries coming together to prevent, mitigate, and end conflicts that could result in nuclear war or proliferation. Those conferences continue to the present. Academies of sciences, which have special relationships with their governments, initiated their own activities that likewise have been carried forward to today. In 1980, the US National Academy of Sciences established the Committee on International Security and Arms Control (CISAC) to open bilateral contacts with a parallel group simultaneously established at the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union. Among the CISAC founders was Wolfgang (Pief) Panofsky, eminent physicist, founder, and first director of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. In January 1986, Panofsky led CISAC in a meeting on International Security and Arms Control that extended beyond the limitation of a direct link between the USA and the USSR. The possibility of establishing in Europe a group of scientists with a role analogous to CISAC was discussed. As a consequence, Edoardo Amaldi, in 1987, set up SICA, a working group on International Security and Arms Control, at the Accademia dei Lincei. A first informal workshop was held in Rome, at Lincei Academy June 23–25, 1988 under the title International Security and Disarmament: The Role of the Scientific Academies. A second meeting followed in 1989. On December 5, 1989, while preparing the third Meeting, Edoardo Amaldi, then President of Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, unexpectedly died. The third meeting was held a few months later, in June 1990, under the Chair of Giorgio Salvini who had succeeded Amaldi at the Presidency of the Lincei. Participants at the third meeting decided to dedicate future meetings to the memory of Edoardo Amaldi, hence the name the Edoardo Amaldi Conferences. From 1991 to 2011, the Edoardo Amaldi Conferences were regularly held at the Lincei and elsewhere in Europe, essentially as triangular meetings involving scientists from Europe, the United States, and the USSR, later the Russian Federation. In 2015 and 2017, with the support of the Ministero degli Affari Esteri, the Edoardo Amaldi Conferences have been extended to important participation from Countries in the Middle East and Asia (China, Egypt, India, Israel, Iran, Japan, Pakistan). SICA (Accademia dei Lincei) and CISAC (the US National Academy of Sciences) co-organized the 21st and 22nd conferences. The 23rd Amaldi Conference was held in Rome, Accademia dei Lincei 28–30 October 2024, organized in collaboration with the US National Academy of Sciences (USA) and the Pugwash Organization. The Proceedings contain the texts of the sixteen talks given there. The main focus of the conference was on the risk of possible nuclear conflicts generated by two active major conflicts, in Ukraine and in the Middle East, and the analysis of the possible consequences of local and global nuclear conflicts. Also discussed was the role of the scientific community to facilitate the restart of inter-national dialogs on nuclear disarmament in the present situation, in particular in the East Asia environment. Finally, the role of artificial intelligence and space in the present conflicts, and the prospects of large-scale energy generation from nuclear fission and nuclear fusion were presented. Talks were delivered by experts of different disciplines belonging to universi-ties, international organizations, and governments from Europe, USA, Middle East, China, and Japan. We appreciate the support of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei and of the US National Academy of Sciences, represented here by President Roberto Antonelli and by Dr. Micah Lowenthal, and of the Conference Board, Francesco Calogero, Carlo Schaerf, Francesco Lenci, Alessandro Pascolini, Alberto Quadrio Curzio, Raymond Jeanloz. We thank Barbara Gallo, Scientific Secretary of the Conference, and Mariella Di Donna, for the relations with the Press.