دانلود کتاب اکوسیستم نوآوری

Borrowed from biology, the term ecosystem refers to a grouping of individuals and organizations that interact in dependent relationships to create innovations [MOO 96]. The actors are interconnected in the form of a network [BAS 09], linked to a large enterprise [IAN 04] or connected to each other via a digital platform [CEC 12]. Ecosystems have been present in the economy and management for decades, and in recent years they have been developing rapidly [JAC 18]. Well adapted to the imperatives of innovation and growth [GUI 17], they are of major interest to innovation actors and researchers. Economic actors, such as Nicolas Dufourcq, CEO of Bpifrance, or Jean-Lou Chameau, former president of CalTech, appreciate ecosystems for their organizational flexibility and the possible collaborations between economic actors, public agents and the territory [LEA 15].