دانلود کتاب درک تکامل اینترنت اشیا، فناوری‌های توانمندساز و چالش‌ها

Internet of things (IoT) is the realization of ubiquitous computing paradigm. IoT was envisioned with the idea to minimize the wastage, loss and cost in supply chain management using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), in 1999 by Kevin Aston. RFID has been used for connecting things. It enabled these things to be identified and tracked and this information was shared over the internet which in turn helped in reducing wastage, loss, and cost. At that time, technology had its limitations and research efforts were needed. Neither small sensors had any technology to connect with internet nor there any existing infrastructure to a huge number of communicating devices. But with the advancement in integrated circuits (IC)-technology and development of Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), which can uniquely identify nearly everything on this planet, that vision can be realized today. The IoT objects can sense and do various tasks via information sharing and coordinated decision making amongst each other. The IoT has converted the traditional objects into the smart ones by utilizing the existing technologies. Cisco considers IoT to be the first evolution of the Internet. Identification, sensing, communication, computation, semantics, and services are the six elements of an IoT system. The most important technical advancement that has made it possible is IPv6. It has given the capability of uniquely identifying each and every connected object on earth. IoT has gone through three generations of development till now. Evolution of IoT has helped in the growth of IoT devices. As per Shanzi et al., in 2014 there were at least 9 billion interconnected devices in China alone, number will touch the 24 billion in 2020. As per Cisco IBSG, IoT is that point in time when ‘connected objects’ will outnumber the people on earth. In 2003 the people living on the earth were 6.3 billion while the ‘connected devices’ were 500 million. Cisco IBSG predicted in its report in 2011 that in year 2015 the number of devices connected to Internet will be 25 billion while the same will rise to 50 billion in 2020. The Internet of things paradigm benefits all daily life aspects by connecting any device at any place that too any time. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), cloud computing, Big Data techniques, Software Defined Networking (SDN), Information Centred Networking (ICN) and Fog Computing are the technologies that help in formation of IoT. In this survey we have tried to identify the area of research that can be used by the researchers to work for IoT.