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The products of scientific creativity are manifold, encompassing not only innovative machinery and experimental techniques, but, above all, ideas. Psychological scientists do not tire of engaging with the complexity and depth of mental life by exploring effects, devising constructs, or reflecting on concepts, whether these involve subtle mechanisms of the cognitive apparatus or the plenitude of conscious life. Without a doubt, it requires diverse epistemic means to do justice to the intricacies of such an enigmatic subject matter as the psyche. The variety of methods in the discipline is only surpassed by the diversity of psychological theories and models. Yet, it is this very diversity that poses a challenge to psychological discourse. What constitutes either a theory or a model remains unclear, given the multiplicity of approaches and traditions, and with it, psychology is in danger of losing orientation. This has become particularly apparent during the recent crisis debates in psychology (see, e.g., Hutmacher & Franz, 2025). More specifically, it has been observed that many psychological studies cannot be replicated (replication crisis; Open Science Collaboration, 2015), that many psychological theories are local micro-theories that are rarely integrated into coherent wholes (theory crisis; Eronen & Bringmann, 2021; Oberauer & Lewandowsky, 2019), and that psychological research has not adequately captured the diversity and variability of psychological phenomena (universality crisis; Henrich et al., 2010). These crisis debates have resulted in a host of proposals and counterproposals that can be hard to follow. This book aims to counteract conceptual disorientation by surveying the plurality of attempts at theory and model building in psychology. Rather than subjecting the often-disconnected ways of psychological thought to a unitary perspective, it seeks to offer a platform that allows the discipline’s different research cultures to speak for themselves. The collection of texts provides insight into the polyphony of metapsychology. The interrelatedness of these perspectives uncovers a clearer picture of the status quo in theoretical psychology. The book includes contributions to three complementary aspects of the problem of understanding theory and model building in psychology. Chapters in the first part (“Foundational Issues in Theory and Model Building”) establish this problem’s conceptual and philosophical outline. By contextualizing the debate with historical and interdisciplinary arguments, these chapters provide a framework for further discussion. The second part (“Current Challenges for Theory and Model Building”) is dedicated to the challenges that emerge when inquiring into the nature of theory and model building in psychology. Psychology faces a unique set of meta-scientific concerns that any attempt at solution needs to recognize. Such attempts are discussed in the third part (“Possible Solutions for Theory and Model Building”) of the book. It contains both historical and contemporary viewpoints as well as critical and constructive lines of reasoning. Yet again, it is the resonance between the different parts of psychology that gives rise to the whole. The book concludes with a final chapter, in which we situate the individual contributions within the current debate on theory and model building in psychology. The research traditions in psychology are not only distributed along ideal dimensions but also correlate with institutional and regional spheres. For this reason, the contributors to this collected volume bring unique backgrounds in personal biography and scientific affiliation alike. To advance the psychological enterprise, a collective effort is necessary. Even in its early stages—for example, at the earliest universities in medieval Europe—science became an institution of international understanding and cooperation. True to this spirit, new ideas for the foundations of psychology will require an effort of solidarity. This is to say that diverse standpoints should recognize one another to achieve progress in dialogue—even if this requires dispute at times. The very beginning of this project was promoted by Gerd Jüttemann (1933–2023) who was an inspiration for both of us. In the Germanspeaking psychological community, Jüttemann was a promoter of dialogue and sought to bring together inventive voices even if they contradicted his own. Unfortunately, Jüttemann was not able to see where his initial encouragement would ultimately take us. We wish to contribute to his legacy by upholding a pluralistic ideal of our discipline. We would like to thank our contributors for all the thoughtprovoking ideas that they present in the different chapters. The book was advanced thanks to invaluable help. We wish to thank Steffen Kluck (Rostock) for helping with the peer review. We would also like to thank our student research assistants, Benedikt Luther and Franziska Schenk, for their support during the entire process of putting this volume together. Liam Inscoe-Jones from Palgrave Macmillan and Naveen Dass from Springer Nature provided reliable and friendly assistance in all editorial matters. Finally, we wish to thank our wives, Aliz and Mariangel, for their unfailing support.