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Science diplomacy, as a concept, has in the past years moved from the periphery to the center of conversations, analyses, and strategies on international academic cooperation. As global challenges seem to become increasingly complex and interconnected, the role of the individual researcher seems to have grown both in terms of significance and scope. Against this backdrop, this volume explores how science diplomacy can foster and sustain collaboration under evolving framework conditions and in an environment increasingly shaped by the growing importance of international scientific cooperation in the face of shared global challenges, on the one hand, and geopolitical competition, on the other. It is a joint effort of the German Center for Research and Innovation (DWIH) New York and its partners on both sides of the Atlantic.
DWIH New York is part of a wider, global network spearheaded by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), itself a longstanding actor and enabler in the field of science diplomacy, celebrating its centennial in 2025. The DAAD’s Strategy 2030 positions science diplomacy not as a peripheral activity or a mere outcome, but as a core instrument of international engagement (German Academic Exchange Service 2025). Framed within a “foreign science realpolitik” that is driven by pragmatism and on-the-ground facts, the strategy underscores the need to balance opportunity and risk in international academic cooperation. Science diplomacy, here, emerges as both a means of sustaining dialogue across political divides and a mechanism for jointly exploring solutions to global problems. The tools employed to achieve these means are international academic exchange, global networks, expert guidance drawing from many years of experience in shaping multilateral collaboration, strong alumni networks, as well as, not least of all, showcase and matchmaking platforms such as the DWIH.
Backed by a broad alliance of German science organizations, research-driven industry, and institutional partners, the worldwide DWIH network thus illustrates how science diplomacy can be put into practice through sustained engagement across a broad range of partners. By convening researchers, policymakers, industry leaders, and entrepreneurs, each of the five DWIH create spaces where scientific exchange informs policy and supports innovation, be it in New York, San Francisco, São Paulo, Tokyo, and New Delhi.
Initiatives such as the annual DWIH NY Future Forum, from which this volume emerged, convene stakeholders from across the Atlantic to address shared challenges and demonstrate how science diplomacy not only strengthens transatlantic ties but also translates knowledge into economic and societal impact for the countries involved. Targeted support for startups and research partnerships like the STEP USA University program, run in partnership with the German American Chamber of Commerce (GACC) New York, help foster transatlantic ties between university-based entrepreneurs at an early and crucial stage and create lasting networks in industry and science. And the DWIHs’ engagement with multilateral actors including the United Nations, the International Science Council, and UN Global Compact further highlights how science diplomacy contributes to advancing global agendas, while the DWIH network’s work on research security, governance, and ethics reflects the growing importance of aligning scientific cooperation with geopolitical realities.
These realities lie at the core of a “foreign science realpolitik”. Science diplomacy can be understood in different ways: As a means to advance international scientific collaboration, as a bridge in times of political tension, and as a means to push forward concrete agendas of national importance in an international environment. Within this spectrum, recent publications, including frameworks such as the European Commission’s “European Framework for Science Diplomacy” (2025), highlight a shift toward the latter, more interest-driven understanding. Science diplomacy is increasingly seen not only as a form of soft power that promotes mutual understanding but also as a contributor to hard power, supporting technological sovereignty and global influence. As emphasized in recent reports such as the Royal Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Science’s (AAAS) “Science Diplomacy in an Era of Disruption” (2025), the field is evolving in response to profound technological, geopolitical, and societal transformations. No longer viewed as inherently benevolent, science diplomacy is increasingly understood as a neutral instrument whose impact depends on how and why it is used. This is important to be aware of, and several contributions to this volume take into account this widely perceived shift.