دانلود کتاب محاسبات کوانتومی و فیزیک کوانتومی، رویکرد جبر خطی

Many folks ask if we are the famous characters Alice and Bob who appear in both popular books and technical papers about quantum information, cryptography, and quantum computing. Unfortunately, we are not that Alice and Bob. In fact, “Alice and Bob” first appeared in print in 1978 in a cryptography article in the technical journal Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery. Nor are we the characters in the 1969 movie Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice. But the common mention of our names in quantum information and quantum computing books was part of the motivation for our putting together these materials. What better way to learn about quantum computing than directly from Alice and Bob! You have probably picked up this book because you are intrigued or puzzled by what you have heard about quantum computing (QC) and quantum information science (QIS) and you want to learn more. Why should you keep reading? What is different in this book? We have tried to position this book between the highly technical books aimed at professional scientists and engineers with expertise in formal quantum mechanics and advanced mathematics, and those general audience books that use almost no math, though some are quite clever in finding pictorial substitutes for the math. Our presentation is aimed at readers who want an introduction to quantum computing that gives them a strong basic understanding and prepares them to talk intelligently with the “experts.” If readers are so inclined, they will be ready to dig into the more technical aspects of the field after working through this book. The material should be accessible to a typical undergraduate student whose mathematics background includes some linear algebra. We use a bit of calculus, but no prior experience with calculus is needed. No college-level background in physics is required, but if you are fortunate enough to have had an advanced placement physics course in high school or a college-level introductory physics course, what you learned there will provide a broader perspective on quantum computing. High school mathematics and physics teachers as well as college and university faculty who are not experts in QIS and QC should also enjoy, and benefit from, reading the book. To distinguish our presentation from others, we • Make the treatment accessible to those who do not have much background in physics by providing just enough information to enable you to understand the fundamental issues. We have avoided unnecessary physics and mathematical jargon, but we treat carefully what we do use with examples and explanatory comments. • Spread out discussions to take time to build an understanding of the critical elements of quantum computing. The tone of the writing is more conversational than didactic. • Develop, in some detail, applications of quantum computing to show where and how quantum computing has advantages over traditional computational methods. We use those applications to ground the mathematics in specific and accessible problems to be solved. • Provide brief surveys of current QIS and QC devices, advice about what you should do next if you want to learn more about those fields, and an overview of career opportunities in those areas. Although we have worked hard to make the book accessible to a wide audience, we also want to give you the concepts and vocabulary to read intelligently and knowledgeably about quantum computing. To accomplish that, we • Introduce and thoroughly explore Dirac quantum state vector notation since it is the most widely used notation in quantum computing and, at the same time, the notation that you in our target audience have probably not seen before, even if you have taken introductory courses in physics, linear algebra, or computer science. • Focus on multiple representations of quantum states and operations on quantum states, using abstract symbols, graphical (state space) diagrams, and mathematical column vectors and matrices. We emphasize multiple representations because quantum states are the bread and butter of quantum computing. Using multiple representations will deepen your understanding. • Present clear ways of thinking about the nonintuitive role of quantum measurements in quantum computing and how you represent these measurements formally. We show you how to make a “quantum sandwich,” which encapsulates everything we can learn from quantum measurements. • Provide in-text exercises (Try Its) that you can use to build your fluency in writing descriptions of quantum states and to check your understanding of the concepts. • Give a summary of quantum formulas and linear algebra terminology in the Appendix: Quantum Toolkit.