دانلود کتاب تفسیر تصاویر اسکلتی عضلانی

This chapter will cover the structure of bones, joint anatomy and the different classifications of joints and their location within the body. Starting at the microscopic level, anatomy and the dif ference between the range of cells which make up bone will be covered, followed by a basic introduction to bone formation, healing and the properties of bone and its ability to withstand and adapt to force. An overview of fracture description will follow, introducing common fracture patterns and descriptions as well as an outline of the systematic approach of musculoskeletal Xray review with a basic format for structured fracture description. Bone is made up of four types of cells: 1. Osteogenic cells: stem cells found within the periosteum and bone marrow. Osteogenic cells are the only bone cells that can divide; they divide and differentiate into osteoblasts. 2. Osteoblasts: build bone. These are found in the parts of the bone responsible for growth such as the periosteum. The osteoblast produces collagen and calcium, which encase the osteoblast. Once fully encased, the osteoblast will mature resulting in the formation of an osteocyte. 3. Osteocytes: the primary cell of bone. 4. Osteoclasts: break bone down. Osteoclasts are large multinuclei cells which do not develop from osteogenic cells but develop from types of monocyte/macrophage cells. Osteoclasts work alongside osteoblasts to maintain healthy bone structure by removing old osteocytes, triggering the development and maturity of osteoblasts.