The microenvironment of solid tumor is a complex structure consisting of a heterogeneous population of tumor cells and various non-tumor cells including immune cells, fibroblast, mesenchymal cells, endothelial cells, stem cells, and others. Moreover, the tumor microenvironment (TME) also contains extracellular matrix proteins, soluble factors (i.e., chemokines and cytokines), extracellular vesicles, and vascular and lymphatic networks. Every element of this complex structure strongly affects the malignant cells’ growth, survival, and ability to metastasize.
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