دانلود کتاب درمان ترکیبی در سرطان سینه سه گانه منفی

Breast cancer is the most widespread type of baleful neoplasms that develops in the breast tissue, mostly from the ductal epithelium and is the foremost trigger of cancerinduced death among women. More than 1 million new cases of breast cancer are reported per year. The heterogeneity and the complexity of breast cancer make it the most vulnerable. A report of 2018 reflects 18.1 million cases of cancer accounting for about 9.6 million deaths worldwide. Among this statistical count, breast cancer accounts for 2.1 million (11.6%) with 0.63 million (6.6%) deaths. Breast carcinoma is a disease with a high degree of heterogeneity. TNBC is considered to be one of the most threatening types of breast cancer. Although TNBC accounts for around 15%–20% of all breast carcinoma occurrences, it is extremely metastatic, making it the most dangerous and having the worst prognosis when contrasted to other breast carcinomas. TNBC is divided into six subtypes, each with its own molecular profile, prognosis, and likely treatment responses. Gene expression analysis shows that most TNBC possesses a basal-like molecular profile. Their pathological and clinical characteristics are similar to inherited BRCA1 breast tumors. According to epidemiological studies, TNBC is most common in premenopausal younger females below 40 years of age. Increased hip-to-waist ratios, higher parity, the shorter period of breastfeeding, young age at first-term pregnancy, and shorter period of breastfeeding have all been linked to an elevated frequency of triple- negative breast cancers among premenopausal African-American women. TNBC has Breast cancer is the most widespread type of baleful neoplasms that develops in the breast tissue, mostly from the ductal epithelium and is the foremost trigger of cancerinduced death among women. More than 1 million new cases of breast cancer are reported per year. The heterogeneity and the complexity of breast cancer make it the most vulnerable. A report of 2018 reflects 18.1 million cases of cancer accounting for about 9.6 million deaths worldwide. Among this statistical count, breast cancer accounts for 2.1 million (11.6%) with 0.63 million (6.6%) deaths. Breast carcinoma is a disease with a high degree of heterogeneity. TNBC is considered to be one of the most threatening types of breast cancer. Although TNBC accounts for around 15%–20% of all breast carcinoma occurrences, it is extremely metastatic, making it the most dangerous and having the worst prognosis when contrasted to other breast carcinomas. TNBC is divided into six subtypes, each with its own molecular profile, prognosis, and likely treatment responses. Gene expression analysis shows that most TNBC possesses a basal-like molecular profile. Their pathological and clinical characteristics are similar to inherited BRCA1 breast tumors. According to epidemiological studies, TNBC is most common in premenopausal younger females below 40 years of age. Increased hip-to-waist ratios, higher parity, the shorter period of breastfeeding, young age at first-term pregnancy, and shorter period of breastfeeding have all been linked to an elevated frequency of triple- negative breast cancers among premenopausal African-American women. TNBC has specific imaging characteristics, commonly showing as a mass on mammograms and ultrasonography with generally benign characteristics and more alarming results on magnetic resonance imaging. Epigenetics is a promising area of inquiry in modern cancer research. Improvements in cancer therapy, detection, and prevention are feasible by researching the epigenetic processes driving tumorigenesis – DNA methylation, noncoding RNAs, and histone changes. The worse OS, increased rate of recurrence, and increased occurrence of distant metastases are all characteristics associated with TNBC. Since TNBC is associated with worse outcomes and thus doesn’t get benefit from hormonal therapy or therapies targeted to HER2. TNBC is a very aggressive cancer, and about 46% of TNBC females will develop distant metastases. TNBCs account for more than 80% of breast tumors in people who have the BRCA1 gene mutation.