دانلود کتاب قو سیاه: بحران های اقتصادی، جلد اول

Crisis is defined as “a difficult period, slump or depression seen in the life of a society or an organization in a country or between countries” (TDK, 2019).
This book addresses all financial, fiscal and economic crises and their financial solution methods, which arouse from the complexity, instability and speculation of the economic and financial system since the 1600s, in the historical order in detail.
Before the discovery of Australia, it was impossible to imagine a black swan in the world because all swans seen before were white in colour, and so people thought all swans were white. When the first black swan was seen with the discovery of Australia, everyone was quite surprised. For this reason, the concept of “black swan” is used as a metaphor to explain the idea that some events that are thought to be impossible will produce more important and greater effects than events that are continuous or regular.
The “Black Swan” describes events that are thought to have a low probability of occurrence and are often ignored, or the events that create unexpected strong effects when combined with other possibilities, even if they are not ignored. The so-called “black swan” parameters can also be formed with the occurrence of random events. For example, the reason why many important events such as reform movements, industrial revolution, world wars and the economic crises of 1929 and 2008 are unpredictable can be attributed to the existence of black swans. The main reason why black swans are overlooked is that the people who lead the society have certain prejudices and trust in the correct functioning of the system.
The concept of the Black Swan, introduced by economist and risk analyst Nassim Nicholas Taleb in the book Fooled by Randomness in 2001, was used to describe the events that were thought to be impossible but had a huge impact when they happen. Some economists and investors have also used the term “black swan” to describe these crises due to the unpredictable and unavoidable nature and effects of economic, fiscal and financial crises.
This book aims to present to the reader all the economic, fiscal and financial crises in world history that have had a great impact and the fiscal measures taken by governments for each, in the historical chronology.