دانلود کتاب اقتصاد فضا، ویرایش دوم، عرصه رقابتی آینده

In 2012, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) defined the space economy as “the full range of activities and use of space resources that create value and benefits for humanity in the course of exploring, researching, understanding, managing and utilizing space.”2 An earlier definition dates back to 2007 when the office of the US space agency (NASA) responsible for strategic communications began using the following definition: “The space economy: the set of activities and use of space resources that create and provide value and benefits to humanity in the course of the exploration, understanding, and use of space.” The definition introduced by the OECD can be seen as a mere expansion of the concept expressed by NASA a few years earlier, not deviating much from the previous formulation. However, the OECD goes on to further delineate the contours of the sector: “It includes all actors, public and private, engaged in the development, provision, and use of space-related products and services: research and development, construction and use of space infrastructure (ground stations, launch vehicles, satellites), applications derived from space (navigation instruments, satellite phones, meteorological services, etc.), as well as the scientific knowledge that results from these activities. The space economy goes far beyond the space sector in the narrow sense because it extends to the increasingly pervasive and changing impacts (in quantity and quality) of the products, services, and knowledge that result from space.” We should also consider that space activities are divided into upstream (satellites and launchers) and downstream (services and applications derived from space-based data and infrastructures). A further subdivision is extremely relevant to fully understand the extent of the space economy, especially in the medium to long term: space economy-related activities carried out in space to assist exploration and service missions in orbit (space for space), and those that instead use space data and infrastructure to improve the quality of life on Earth (space for Earth).