دانلود کتاب ارتقای سطح – چرا ساختار سلسله مراتبی ورشکست شده است و چطور آنرا تعمیر کنیم

Hierarchy is the protagonist of the human story. Its palpable presence has shaped our collective story from the days of ancestral Pan, the shared antecedent of chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans. For thousands of years, members of all three species competed for resources, engaged in dominant behavior to attain power, used power to mandate peace among quarreling members, and formed political coalitions among subordinates.1 This is why Plato and Aristotle, Niccolò Machiavelli and Thomas Hobbes, and many others, have explored hierarchy in their writings.2 Some thinkers, like Bertrand Russell, claimed that the desires for power and status are the primary motivational forces animating human behavior.3 Hierarchy shapes our lives every day in myriad ways, through its functions, dysfunctions, and numerous manifestations. Like many great protagonists, hierarchy is flawed, complex, and riddled with contradictions. We assume it exists for a greater cause, though it often falters and fails. Hierarchy perplexes us and stirs our emotions, bringing at once dismay and a desire for redemption. Hierarchy has been around for millennia and is likely here to stay. This protagonist’s journey to realize its potential continues, and you can help shape it. Some people believe that hierarchy is an absolute necessity and seek to bolster it, whereas others hate it fervently and seek to dismantle it altogether. Some see hierarchy as the root of many organizational problems, while others see it as the solution their organizations sorely need. What does hierarchy mean to you? Look at the following fifteen concepts. Which of them come to mind when you hear the word hierarchy?