دانلود کتاب به سوی تحلیل رفتار متقابل -کتاب درسی جامع در مورد تحلیل رفتار متقابل

Transactional analysis (TA) has been enjoying an increase in interest ever since its inception, now more than sixty years ago, by the Canadian- American psychiatrist Dr Eric Berne. It has proven itself to be an extremely effective model used by professionals working in a variety of contexts and fields such as psychotherapy, coaching and counselling, management and organisational development, or learning and personal development. TA combines a highly accessible theory on the development of people and systems with a highly practical approach, centred on the possibilities of growth and development. The personality model used in TA is based on the three ego states: parent, adult, and child. (In order to distinguish these from actual parents, adults, or children, TA professionals write these words with a capital letter when discussing ego states.) Communications between individuals are referred to in TA as “transactions”. From each of the three ego states, people always and everywhere engage in transactions with others. This results in a means to evaluate the numerous options within daily communication, as either more or less effective. The models of ego states and transactions can be used to better understand—and thus also to better manage or guide—groups, teams, and organisations. TA works on the assumption that all human beings “write” the script of their own story from the very beginning of their lives. Innate predisposition, all life experiences—positive and negative, the messages that a child picks up from caregivers all contribute to this script. The script indicates the direction and the manner in which life develops. In everyday life, the script often becomes visible in the games that people play. A game is a specific series of transactions with an ulterior motive on a psychological level that is out of awareness. With the help of TA, people can become more aware of the healthy and defensive elements in their life script. They can then utilise and improve its strength, while changing the more restrictive parts of the script. Berne based TA on a humanistic principle. Important characteristics within this are consciousness, free will, and self-actualisation. The humanistic movement was a response, on the one hand, to the dominance of psychoanalysis, which, at that time, saw a human being as determined by inner drives and, on the other hand, as a correction to behaviourism, which saw a human as a kind of machine whose behaviour is an object of study. The need for personal development, according to humanistic psychology, is a fundamental aspect of human nature.