دانلود کتاب اخلاق تجاری و جوک های مشاور انتقادی – روش‌های تحقیق جدید برای مطالعه تخلفات اخلاقی

Laughing is part of human life. We start laughing quite early in life and we continue to do so. It can help us to cope with life, to better communicate with adolescents, or to create atmosphere among friends. It also helps to connect to people you like, and to disconnect with what you dislike. We can laugh about our own failures, as well as about what others do wrong. We can laugh to criticize as well as to express our sympathy, or both. Laughing can carry ambiguity, and so does joking. Maybe this ambiguity explains why jokes have been very absent in research methods.

The study of ethics is one of the domains of philosophy. While philosophy is considered the mother of science, with links to all scientific disciplines, it has no own empirical research tradition. It can reflect on empirical science, but mainly builds on ideas. While this makes philosophy rather detached from empirics, it still aims to be relevant to life, and this applies to ethics in particular. While logic, deduction, and theorizing might be the preferred methods in philosophy, when it comes to ethics or aesthetics generic logics meet their limits. General moral rules never always apply. We should not kill. But there are still cases where we feel it is justified to do so. We often make exceptions to moral rules, based on ethical deliberation, because we feel these should not apply in some cases. That is also why we need judges next to laws, and why ethics cannot be a rule book. It is why ethical norms are debated and also change over time, and, why sometimes, violating moral rules or expectations can be funny.

Jokes do exactly this: they play with violating norms. Rule-based expectations can be linked to ethics as well as to aesthetics and more. ‘What is worse than one soprano? Two sopranos’. Or ‘how do you recognize a consultant? He first borrows your watch and then tells you the time’. Reasonable moral or aesthetic expectations are broken in these cases. We expect the consultant to have knowledge and expertise, and the soprano to have skill and splendour, but we recognize they do not always have. As ethics should be able to study both the ethical rules, principles and virtues as well as exceptions and violations, its method cannot be only theoretical. It needs case based, empirical inquiry as well, and good empirical methods are currently underdeveloped in ethics.