دانلود کتاب به روز رسانی در اطفال – ویرایش دوم

Defining the term “adolescence” has been a conundrum in the medical and psychological literature, as the starting point and end point are not defined by a precise moment, but rather a spectrum of physical and neurochemical changes and evolving social roles. That dynamic period between sexual maturation and the attainment of adult roles and responsibilities. (Dahl 2004) Persons aged 10–24 years old (Sawyer et al. 2018). • The “starting point” of adolescence is marked by pubertal physical or biological changes. – In those assigned female at birth, the first sign of puberty is typically breast development (thelarche). Most girls start breast development between ages 9 and 10 years old (Biro et al. 2013), though ~40% of African American girls and ~20% of European American girls may start as early as 8 years old (Dorn and Beltz 2023). In those assigned male at birth, the first sign of puberty is typically testicular enlargement (gonadarche). In European American boys in the United States, the average age of gonadarche is 10 years old, while African American and Latino boys tend to start 6 months earlier (Dorn and Beltz 2023; Secondary Sexual Characteristics in Boys: Data From the Pediatric Research in Office Settings Network 2012). As the onset of puberty has accelerated over time, the start of adolescence has shifted earlier than prior generations (Guyer et al. 2023). Since the 1970s, puberty in those assigned female at birth has been noted to start 3 months earlier with each passing decade (Dorn and Beltz 2023; Eckert-Lind et al 2020). Potential mechanisms that may contribute to earlier pubertal onset include the ongoing global obesity epidemic and increasing amounts of exposure to endocrine- disrupting chemicals (Dorn and Beltz 2023).