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The study of membranes is crucial for understanding various biological and industrial processes. Membranes act as selective barriers, regulating the transport of substances between different compartments. Their complex structures and functions are governed by principles such as permeability and selectivity. Permeability determines how easily substances pass through the membrane, while selectivity ensures that only specific molecules are allowed passage, maintaining homeostasis. These principles are essential for designing artificial membranes used in industrial applications like water purification and gas separation. In environmental remediation, membranes offer a sophisticated approach to tackling pollution and resource recovery. Membrane technologies such as microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), and reverse osmosis (RO) have been developed to treat contaminated water and air. From Chapters 1 to 7, we have thoroughly examined the critical role of membrane technology in environmental remediation, highlighting its advantages in water purification, wastewater treatment, and contaminant removal. Membrane technology offers several significant advantages, including high separation efficiency, the ability to selectively remove specific contaminants, and lower energy requirements compared to traditional treatment methods. It is highly effective in eliminating bacteria, viruses, heavy metals, and organic pollutants, making it ideal for uses such as desalination, industrial wastewater treatment, and drinking water purification. Additionally, the modular nature of membrane systems supports easy scalability and flexibility in addressing diverse environmental issues. Despite these benefits, membrane systems face challenges such as fouling, where contaminants build up on the membrane surface‐leading to reduced performance and durability. This issue demands regular cleaning and upkeep, which can be both costly and time‐consuming. The high initial investment and the environmental concerns related to the disposal of nonbiodegradable membranes further constrain widespread adoption. Additionally, membrane selectivity may require multiple stages or different membrane types to achieve comprehensive contaminant removal. The drive to apply membranes in environmental remediation stems from the need for sustainable and efficient solutions. Traditional pollution control methods, such as chemical treatments and thermal processes, often produce secondary pollution and consume significant energy. In contrast, membrane technologies offer a greener alternative by minimizing waste and lowering energy demand. Advances in material science have yielded more durable, fouling‐resistant membranes, enhancing lifespan and reducing maintenance costs, thereby improving economic viability and environmental compatibility. Despite progress, challenges remain. Fouling continues to impair efficiency and raise operating costs, prompting research into anti‐fouling coatings and self‐cleaning membranes. The considerable upfront costs also pose barriers to large‐scale deployment. Nevertheless, the long‐term benefits reduced environmental impact and operational savings are fostering increased investment and innovation in this field. Looking ahead, advancements in membrane technology focus on enhancing durability, reducing fouling, and improving costeffectiveness. Current research is exploring novel materials such as graphene and nanocomposites, which offer superior performance and extended lifespans. Moreover, advancements in membrane surface engineering and the creation of hybrid systems that combine membranes with other treatment methods are being pursued to improve overall performance. The incorporation of smart sensors and real‐time monitoring systems also strengthens operational control, making membrane technology a more sustainable and adaptable option for addressing environmental remediation challenges. In conclusion, although membrane technology faces both challenges and opportunities, its ongoing innovations solidify its importance in addressing future environmental remediation needs. Understanding membrane fundamentals and applying this knowledge is crucial for unlocking their full potential. This book has examined various membrane technologies that provide effective, sustainable alternatives to traditional pollution control methods. Continued research and development are vital for overcoming current limitations and advancing membranes as a key component in achieving a cleaner and more sustainable environment. Our research achievements in this book were supported and contributed by “Pioneer” and “Leading Goose” R&D Program of Zhejiang (2024C03124), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52070170), Zhejiang Provincial Outstanding Youth Science Foundation (No. LR22E080007), Zhejiang Normal University, and all colleagues and students in our team, as well as collaborators. I would like to thank their support and cooperation sincerely.