دانلود کتاب تعاملات عصبی ایمنی در درد

Pain places an enormous burden on the healthcare system as well as the quality of life of individuals all around the world, with an economic cost over $600 billion in the United States alone. Despite this enormous financial burden on society, current treatments are inadequate and often produce severe side effects. Inflammation is the body’s natural response to injury or inflection and is defined by five cardinal signs: redness, heat, swelling, loss of function, and pain. As a cardinal feature of pain, inflammation elicits pain through pro-inflammatory mediators. Meanwhile, recent evidence suggests that inflammation also leads to pain resolution by generating pro-resolving mediators, such as specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), derived from molecules including omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids. When acute inflamma­tion cannot be timely resolved, chronic inflammation will develop in many known disease conditions leading to chronic pain. While acute pain serves beneficial warn­ing functions, chronic pain has no such protective purpose and severely degrades the quality of life of patients. A particular hallmark of the COVID-19 is the viral infection-triggered robust and widespread inflammatory responses, which could lead to the development of a wide range of new pain conditions as well as the exac­erbation and prolongation of existing pains. A large body of literatures accumulated in the last three decades has demonstrated that immune system modulates pain via interactions with sensory neurons, as inflammatory mediators can either upregulate or downregulate the activity or sensitivity of pain-sensing neurons (nociceptors) in different physiological and pathological conditions. Paradoxically, some anti-inflammatory treatments, such as steroids, can inhibit acute pain but impair the reso­lution of pain, leading to chronic pain.