دانلود کتاب سیستم پاور مدرن (Modern Power System)

The electric power industry is a cornerstone of global infrastructure, vital for modern society and economic development. According to the International Energy Agency report on world energy employment in 2023, the power sector employed over 68 million people worldwide. Of these, over 36 million people were employed in the clean energy sector, while over 32 million people were employed in the fossil fuel-based power industry. According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics report of 2023, 17,870 electrical engineers were employed in the power sector. Amongst all the technical societies of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), the Power and Energy Society (PES) is the second largest, having around 42,000 members worldwide. Given its vast impact, the power industry requires a multidisciplinary approach for its secured operation and continues to evolve, a journey that I have followed with fascination. My early studies of foundational texts like W. D. Stevenson’s book [1] have deeply influenced the structure and focus of this book, blending traditional principles with modern advancements. Most of the topics covered in Stevenson’s book are still valuable to gain knowledge in the area. However, the power sector has seen a sea of changes since the time the fourth edition of the book appeared in 1982. These days, power electronic technology plays a crucial role in both power transmission and distribution systems. Thyristor-based high voltage DC (HVDC) transmission systems started appearing in the 1970s. Subsequently, voltage source converter (VSC)-basedHVDC systems were adopted on a large scale at the turn of this century. Currently, VSC-HVDC systems are used for offshore windfarms. Moreover, point-to-point HVDC systems have given way to multiterminal HVDC systems for offshore wind collection systems. Also, thyristor-based static var compensators (SVCs) also started appearing in large scales during the 1970s to enhance voltage stability in long transmission lines, as well as, for power oscillation damping. There were hundreds of SVCs installed throughout the world. Fixed series compensation of transmission lines to enhance power flow was initially hindered by incidents at Mojave power station, where resonance issues caused turbine damage in the early 1970s. These were caused due to the resonance between the series capacitors and line reactors at frequencies that are below the synchronous frequency. However, the initial hesitation was overcome using thyristor-controlled series compensators (TCSCs), which can effectively change the series reactance to avoid the subsynchronous oscillations reaching the rotor shafts. Moreover, other thyristor-based devices have become common like voltage regulator, phase angle regulator, etc. With the advancement in power electronic technology, voltage source converter-based flexible AC transmission (FACTS) devices have found their applications in both voltage regulation and power flow control in long transmission systems. Shunt compensation was achieved using static compensators (STATCOMs), which started replacing the SVCs. On the other hand, static synchronous series compensators were placed in series with the lines to replace TCSCs. Both shunt and series compensations can be achieved simultaneously using a unified power flow compensator. Due to the rising concerns of climate change and the resultant global temperature rise, more and more renewable energy generators are getting integrated into both power transmission and distribution systems. This has caused disruptions in the traditional operations of power systems. Most of the renewable energy generators are connected to power systems through power converters, which cannot provide inertia to maintain stability margins required in bulk power transmission systems. These systems require smarter converter controls and storage devices. In distribution systems, for instance, rooftop photovoltaics introduce challenges like voltage imbalances, voltage rises, and reverse power flow. Furthermore, there is a concern that renewable generators are intermittent and thus they cannot supply the required baseload. To modernize the power system, the concept of the smart grid has been introduced, through which the power system is integrated with information and communication technology (ICT) to facilitate a smooth two-way power flow and to provide near instantaneous balance between generation and consumption. Power transmission systems can have modern energy management systems integrating phasor measurement units, which can be used in load control centers for more accurate state estimation and power dispatch. Distribution systems will be equipped with smart meters, through which the load demand can be managed. Parts of distribution systems can form virtual power plants or can have several microgrids. Substations can be modernized using tailored computer programs that can communicate between different protective relays without the complicated layout of cables. Since the smart grid relies heavily on ICT, measures must be taken to ensure that the communication and computation devices are cybersecure.