دانلود کتاب سایبرنتیک برای قرن بیست و یکم، جلد ۱ – بازسازی معرفت‌شناختی

The title Cybernetics for the 21st Century may arouse an immediate question: Why cybernetics, and why now? As Katherine Hayles notes, by the 1970s the term cybernetics seemed to have disappeared from public discourse. The term ‘cybernetics’ was coined by Norbert Wiener in the 1940s as an outcome of his collaboration with Arturo Rosen- blueth and his research group. We know that the term originates from the Greek word kubernetes, and in 1834, Andre-Marie Ampere designated the term cybernetique for the future art of governance. The term gained even more international fame through his seminal book his seminal Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in Man and Animal (1948), which was dedicated to Rosenblueth in acknowledgement of their long-term collaboration. In the following decades, cybernetics rose to a generalized science which could provide a systematic and evolutionary analysis of any given phenomenon, be that Humberto Ma- turana and Francesco Varela’s autopoiesis or Niklas Luhmann’s social system. This development, from the period of the Macy Conferences (1946-1953) to the post-Macy Conference period, is widely recognized as a shift from first-order cybernetics to second-order cybernetics. We can identify here the change of vocabulary—from feedback to re- cursion—which expresses itself in different tautologies: cybernetics of cybernetics,1 society of society, observing observation, and so on. We can also find the effort to tackle the complex phenomenon of living beings, which demands neologisms such as ‘structural coupling’ and ‘operational closure’. This introduction does not aim to recount the history of cybernetics—Hayles’s How We Became Posthuman (1999), Mathieu Triclot’s Le moment cybernetique (2008) as well as the Macy Conference Proceedings edited by Claus Pias (2016)1 2, have been key texts for understanding different waves of cybernetics—instead it serves as an invitation to reflect on the relevance of cybernetics to our times.