دانلود کتاب سرطان سینه سه گانه منفی

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) encompasses a subset of breast cancers that lacks significant expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). TNBC has been increasingly recognized as a heterogeneous breast cancer subtype that displays characteristic features in terms of gene expression profiles, pathological features, as well as clinical behaviors. Since the introduction of chemotherapeuticbased adjuvant therapy for breast cancer decades ago, advances have been made in the treatment of TNBC. Recent developments in poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors and immunotherapy have shed light on the management of a portion of TNBC cases. Despite this, precision medicine for individual TNBC patients by means of molecularly targeted therapy is still at its early stage and needs more research. Specifically, efforts based on understanding the biology of this specific breast cancer subtype, including heterogeneity and biomarkers, genetic and epigenetic characteristics, and strategies to enhance therapeutic responses are vital to the successful management of this deadly disease entity. In this regard, the effort to compile a book that is focused on TNBC is a well-timed contribution to the fields of scientific research and clinical practice. Hopefully, the researchers and the patients together with their families will benefit from this resourceful collection of scholarly works.