دانلود کتاب تخریب زیستی نفت و پاکسازی زیستی نشت نفت

It is not the purpose of this book to condemn the crude oil refining industry as the bad actor in terms of environmental pollution. In fact, there are many areas of the chemical industry that are responsible for the release of pollutants into the environment. The refining industry is one such industry that has seen inadvertent spillage of unrefined crude oil and crude oil products. The continuing question, since the beginning of the environmental movement in the 1960s, relates to the relative condition of the environment.

However, it is the purpose of the book to identify effective clean-up methods for the spills of crude oil and crude oil products (as well as the spills of other chemicals) that is both economically and ecologically suitable is of paramount urgency for continued existence of humanity. Thus far, bioremediation has been gaining momentum as a valuable clean-up method of many environmental hazards over the past three-to-four decades.

In this book, other than the terms crude oil and crude oil product, the term oil is often substituted to describe a broad range of hydrocarbon-based chemicals which includes substances that are commonly thought of as oils, such as crude oil and refined petroleum products. Each type of oil has distinct physical and chemical properties. These properties affect the way oil will spread and break down, the hazard it may pose to aquatic and human life, and the likelihood that it will pose a threat to natural and man-made resources.

Bioremediation is the use of natural organisms to eliminate many components of crude oil and crude oil products from the environment. The concern is whether or not bioremediation technologies can accelerate this natural process enough to be considered practical, and, if so, whether they might find a niche as replacements for, or adjuncts to, other crude oil-spill response technologies.

Crude oil (also called petroleum) is a complex mixture of thousands of different chemical compounds. In addition, the composition of each accumulation of oil is unique, varying in different producing regions and even in different unconnected zones of the same formation. The composition of crude oil also varies with the amount of refining. Significantly, the many constituents of crude oil differ markedly in volatility, solubility, and susceptibility to biodegradation—some constituents are susceptible to microbial biodegraded while others non-biodegradable.