دانلود کتاب مقدمه ای بر فیزیک نیمه هادی ها و دستگاه ها

This textbook is intended to accompany a single-semester, introductory, graduatelevel course on plasma physics. Students are assumed to have a thorough grasp of undergraduate classical mechanics and classical electrodynamics, as well as the mathematics of waves and oscillations, integral and differential calculus, vector fields, complex analysis, and Fourier and Laplace transforms. This book is not geared to any particular application of plasma physics, and should be suitable for students whose primary interest is either magnetic fusion, ionospheric physics, space plasma physics, or astrophysics. There are, in fact, many different types of plasma (e.g., strongly coupled plasma, dusty plasma, nonneutral plasma, degenerate plasma, weakly ionized plasma). However, this book only discusses nonrelativistic, fully ionized, nondegenerate, quasi-neutral, weakly coupled plasma, which is, by far, the most commonly occurring plasma type in nature. The aim of book is to set out the theoretical framework conventionally used to describe such plasma in a clear and concise manner. Chapter 1 introduces the fundamental parameters that characterize plasmas, and, in the process, makes clear exactly what is meant by a nondegenerate, quasineutral, weakly coupled plasma. Chapter 2 outlines the theory of charged particle motion in weakly inhomogeneous electric and magnetic fields. This theory is central to understanding how the magnetic confinement of a collisionless plasma works at an individual particle level, and is used to investigate the Van Allen radiation belts. Chapter 3 derives the ensemble-averaged kinetic equation that is the basis of all descriptions of collective plasma motion. This derivation incorporates a detailed treatment of binary Coulomb collisions in a weakly coupled plasma. Chapter 4 describes how fluid equations are obtained by taking low-order moments of the kinetic equation, and also discusses the various asymptotic closure schemes that allow such equations to form complete sets. Particular care is taken to explain the circumstances in which it is legitimate to adopt the well-known cold-plasma and MHD subsets of the complete fluid equations. Finally, the fluid approach to plasma physics is illustrated via an investigation of Langmuir sheaths. Chapter 5 investigates the propagation of low-amplitude electromagnetic waves through uniform cold plasmas. Chapter 6 extends this investigation to deal with waves propagating through weakly inhomogeneous cold plasmas. Finally, Chapter 7 analyses low-amplitude wave propagation through warm collisionless plasmas. Chapter 8 is devoted to the theory of magnetohydrodynamical fluids. Applications of this theory that are discussed in detail include the solar wind, dynamo theory, and MHD shocks. Chapter 9 contains an in-depth exposition of the theory of magnetic reconnection. Major sources for the material appearing in this book include the The Framework of Plasma Physics by my colleag Richard Hazeltine and Franco¸is Waelbroeck (particle drift theory, fundamental fluid theory, collision theory, ray tracing), Plasma Physics by Alan Cairns (waves in cold plasmas, waves in warm plasmas), The Physics of Plasmas by Thomas Boyd and Jeffrey Sanderson (MHD shock theory, solar wind), Solar Magnetohydrodynamics by Eric Priest (solar wind), and The Theory of Plasma Waves by Tom Stix (waves in cold plasmas). Working through exercises is a vital stage in mastering any branch of physics. Hence, every chapter in this book ends with a selection of exercises that range from simply filling in the inevitable gaps in the material presented in the chapter (such exercises are tedious, but mandatory for the serious student) to interesting further applications of this material. A complete set of solutions to all of the exercises appearing in this book is available to adopting professors, upon request, from the publisher.