دانلود کتاب روابط جنسیتی در قرآن، مفهوم‌سازی فضا و تعامل زن و مرد

In the fourteenth century, a jurist of the Ḥanbalī school of law, Ibn al-Qayyim (d.1350), when discussing good governance and how to model an Islamic society, writes concerning the mixing of men and women: There is no doubt that enabling women to mix with men (tamkīn al-nisā’ min ikhtilāṭihinna bi’l-rijāl) is the basis of every affliction and evil, and it is one of the primary reasons for general punishments to be sent down (nuzūl al-ʿuqubāt). It is also one of the reasons for the destruction of both society and individuals. The mixing of men and women is the cause for rampant immorality and unlawful sex. It is one of the causes of mortality and continuous epidemics. Ibn al-Qayyim uses the strongest of words when discussing the intermingling of men and women. In fact, from this passage, mixing should not even occur in a model Islamic society. Not only should it not occur but it is the reason for the downfall of societies as the root of ‘every affliction and evil’ can be traced back to it. There is a sense of a divine mandate – God directly sends down his punishment for societies that allow such intermingling to take place. On top of the sternness in the mixing of men and women, this passage also betrays another factor in many discussions surrounding gender interaction – that the onus and restrictions of gender relations fall inevitably on women. Ibn al-Qayyim does not mention the mixing of men and women in neutral terms. Rather what is dissuaded is ‘enabling women to mix with men’. Men are already seen as legitimate participants in a certain domain, and their movement is taken as the norm. It is women who enter this domain and disrupt social order with their intermingling. Ibn al-Qayyim is not unique in his attitude to gender interaction, and such attitudes are prevalent in the modern period.