دانلود کتاب فناوری انتقال هسته سلول سوماتیک

Animal ontogeny has facinated researchers for centuries. The early embryo begins as a single cell (the zygote) that initiates a highly orchestrated sequence of events that ultimately leads to an organism with multiple organs and hundreds of cell types. Since early embryology research relied upon observation alone, quite simple questions remained unanswered. Do cells lose genes during development or retain the exact same genome? This question motivated early work of experimental biology and led to the conceptualization of nuclear transfer almost a century ago. The cloning of amphibians in the 1950s demonstrated that somatic cells undergo nuclear reprogramming (reversal to an embryo-like state) after nuclear transfer into enucleated oocytes. This reprogramming allows the acquisition of a cellular state equivalent to totipotency, proven by the birth of clones, albeit from a small percentage of cloning attempts. The birth of Dolly was the most remarkable achievement of cloning technology and was widely publicized a quarter of a century ago. This scientific report was special because Dolly was a clone originated from somatic cells of an adult ewe, thus demonstrating the amenabil- ity of mammalian adult cells to nuclear reprogramming. This discovery led to widespread attention in the scientific community and the general public about the potential uses of cloning technology in animals and humans. Cloning by nuclear transfer proved versatile for dissecting the epigenetic basis of cellular identity and assisted in numerous commercial applications. The mechanisms by which oocytes reprogram somatic cells remain poorly understood but an attractive research goal. Such understanding of reprogramming- associated processes will likely improve cloning efficiency and the applicability of the technology. Our intention with the book Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Technology was to celebrate the science and associated technologies inspired by the birth of Dolly and to reinforce the potential of cloning technology to continuously unravel the molecular basis of cellular states and their transitions.