دانلود کتاب کتاب درسی اکوکاردیوگرافی بالینی، چاپ هفتم

Echocardiography is an integral part of clinical cardiology, with important applications in diagnosis, clinical management, and decision making for patients with a wide range of cardiovascular diseases. In addition to examinations performed in the echocardiography laboratory, ultrasound imaging now is used in many other clinical settings, including the emergency department, coronary care unit, intensive care unit, operating room, catheterization laboratory, and electrophysiology laboratory, both for diagnosis and for monitoring the effects of therapeutic interventions. The applications of echocardiography continue to expand, given the detailed and precise anatomic and physiologic information that can be obtained at the bedside with this technique at a relatively low cost and with minimal risk to the patient. This textbook on general clinical echocardiography is intended to be read by individuals new to echocardiography and by those interested in updating their knowledge in this area. Thus, this book is aimed primarily at cardiology fellows on their basic echocardiography rotation but also will be of value to residents and fellows in general internal medicine, radiology, anesthesiology, and emergency medicine, as well as to cardiac sonography students. For physicians in practice, this textbook provides a concise and practical update. The Textbook of Clinical Echocardiography is structured around a clinical approach to echocardiographic diagnosis. First, a framework of basic principles is provided, with chapters on ultrasound physics, normal tomographic transthoracic and transesophageal views, intracardiac flow patterns, indications for echocardiography, and evaluation of left ventricular systolic and diastolic function. A chapter on advanced echocardiographic modalities summarizes basic concepts for 3D echocardiography, myocardial mechanics, contrast echocardiography, and intracardiac echocardiography. Clinical use of these modalities is fully integrated into subsequent chapters, organized by disease categories aligned with the current practice of clinical cardiology. Each of these chapters summarizes basic principles, the echocardiographic approach, differential diagnosis, technical considerations, and alternate diagnostic approaches. Schematic diagrams illustrate core concepts; echocardiographic images and Doppler recordings show typical findings for each disease process. Transthoracic and transesophageal images, Doppler data, 3D imaging, and other advanced imaging modalities are used throughout the text, reflecting their use in clinical practice. Tables are used frequently to summarize studies validating quantitative echocardiographic methods and to highlight the clinical correlates for each echocardiographic finding. A selected list of annotated references is included at the end of each chapter for those interested in reading more about a particular subject. Some special features of this book that grew out of my experience teaching physicians and sonographers include The Echo Exam; these concise tables summarize key concepts at the end of each chapter. Echo Math boxes in each chapter provide examples of the quantitative calculations used in the day- to- day clinical practice of echocardiography. My hope is that The Echo Exam and Echo Math boxes will serve as a quick reference guide in daily practice. In addition, tables in each chapter provide clinical- echocardiographic correlation, and a detailed table of Key Echocardiographic Measures for Clinical Decision Making will help us focus on the measurements most important for patient care. In the seventh edition, each chapter has been revised to reflect advances in the field, suggested readings have been updated, and the majority of the figures have been replaced with recent examples that more clearly illustrate the disease processes. Most figures now have a linked video; on your smart device, simply click to see the echo images in motion. Detailed tables for normal reference values and evidence tables summarizing validation of quantitative echocardiographic methods are provided in appendices at the end of the book. A more advanced discussion of the impact of echocardiographic data in clinical medicine is available in a larger reference book, The Practice of Clinical Echocardiography, sixth edition (CM Otto [ed], 2022), also published by Elsevier. Additional clinical examples, practical tips for data acquisition, and self- assessment multiple choice questions with detailed answers can be found in the Echocardiography Review Guide, by Freeman, Schwaegler, Linefsky, and Otto (fourth edition, Elsevier, 2018), which exactly parallels the chapters in this textbook.