دانلود کتاب ایجاد نظریه و مبانی در ریاضیات – مقدمه‌ای بر منطق ریاضیات

This book was developed over many years from class notes for a set theory course at the University of Florida. This course has been taught to advanced undergraduates as well as lower level graduate students. The notes have been used more than 30 times as the course has evolved from seminar-style toward a more traditional lecture. Axiomatic set theory, along with logic, provides the foundation for higher mathematics. This book is focused on the axioms and how they are used to develop the universe of sets, including the integers, rational and real numbers, and transfinite ordinal and cardinal numbers. There is an effort to connect set theory with the mathematics of the real numbers. There are details on various formulations and applications of the Axiom of Choice. Several special topics are covered. The rationals and the reals are studied as dense linear orderings without end points. The possible types of well-ordered subsets of the rationals and reals are examined. The possible cardinality of sets of reals is studied. The Cantor space 2N and Baire space NN are presented as topological spaces. Ordinal arithmetic is developed in great detail. The topic of the possible models of fragments of the axioms is examined. As part of the material on the axioms of set theory, we consider models of various subsets of the axioms, as an introduction to consistency and independence. Another interesting topic we cover is an introduction to Ramsey theory. It is reasonable to cover most of the material in a one-semester course, with selective omissions. Chapter 2 is a review of sets and logic and should be covered as needed in one or two weeks. Chapter 3 introduces the Axioms of Zermelo–Fraenkel, as well as the Axiom of Choice, in about two weeks. Chapter 4 develops the Natural Numbers, induction and recursion, and introduces cardinality, taking two or three weeks. Chapter 5 on Ordinal Numbers includes transfinite induction and recursion, well orderings, and ordinal arithmetic, in two or three weeks. Chapter 6 covers equivalent versions and applications of the Axiom of Choice, as well as Cardinality, in about two or three weeks. The Real Numbers are developed in Chapter 7, with discussion of dense and complete orders, countable and uncountable sets of reals, and a brief introduction to topological spaces such as the Baire space and Cantor space, again in two or three weeks. If all goes well, this leaves about one week each for the final two chapters: models of set theory and an introduction to Ramsey theory. This book contains more than 300 exercises which test the students understanding and also enhance the material. The authors have enjoyed teaching from these notes and are very pleased to share them with a broader audience. We would like to thank the readers of the first edition for many helpful suggestions. A special thanks to James Dudziak for a detailed list of comments.