دانلود کتاب آزمون‌ها و مدل‌های آسیب‌پذیری روان‌شناختی و اختلالات خلقی و اضطرابی در موش‌ها و موش‌های صحرایی، جلد ۲

The burden of mood and anxiety disorders on society is enormous and continues to grow despite advances in medicine and psychology. The negative impact of emotion-centered disorders is aggravated by comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders as well as with many somatic diseases. Animal models remain indispensable in combat with pathological mental processes because they enable precise experimentation on the brain in its physiological complexity of regulation. With their aid, the understanding of the molecular neurobiology of brain disorders will become much more detailed. Behavioral models also help predict whether new drugs in development will be effective and whether they might be liable to central nervous system (CNS)-based side effects. Animal modeling has undergone major technological developments, and this has even affected the range of species in use; nevertheless, given the organization of affect in the mammalian CNS, mice and, increasingly again, rats retain their position at the center of all efforts. Obviously, human mood and anxiety disorders cannot be reproduced in rodents. However, the neural “building blocks“ for the mood and anxiety disorders have evolved in evolution and can be studied in animals for the benefit of humankind by carefully established behavioral techniques and related, neurobiology-informed methods. This book is a complement to Volume I of Psychiatric Vulnerability, and Mood and Anxiety Disorders: Tests and Models in Mice and Rats, published as Neuromethods Vol. 190 in 2023. The previous collection of chapters aimed at refreshing the view on classic tests and models and providing detailed protocols and useful hints for more novel methods that are likely to join the mainstream of studies on mood and anxiety disorders and to support the development of precision medicine. Volume I also promoted the concept that in animal modeling one should consider the hierarchical inner structure of psychiatric disorders, as much of what we observe in behavioral pathology reflects general psychiatric vulnerability. Volume II includes detailed protocols for classic tests such as the elevated mazes, the novelty suppressed feeding test, and fear-potentiated startle. To assess reward sensitivity, tests relying on both natural reward seeking and operant behavior are presented, as well as more recent assays of affective bias and reward learning. Evolution-shaped avoidance of looming stimuli has been addressed with a novel ethoexperimental fear and anxiety test. The translational value of anxiogenic chemical compounds is highlighted, and the marble burying test has received a further technological refinement to aid interpretation. Prenatal stress, disrupted caregiver–infant interactions, predator-based stress, and witness social stress broaden the range of evolutionarily relevant challenge-based paradigms, as does the neuroinflammation by immunological provocation. Going beyond behavioral readouts, the volume includes infrared thermography, electrophysiological recording, and calcium imaging for the measurement of emotion via neurophysiology and interpretation of what is the meaning of observed behavior, and where in the brain anxiety and mood disorders reside. Naturally occurring variation in emotional and cognitive reactivity can be employed by using well-established animal strains. Together with Volume I, this book offers a comprehensive resource for researchers and students who wish to establish animal model (batteries) for drug discovery or the study of mental processes, as well as for professionals who wish to broaden their understanding of how this frontier of psychiatric research operates.