دانلود کتاب سندرم تخمدان پلی کیستیک

Although the modern history of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) started with the pivotal paper by Stein and Leventhal in 1935,[1] there are suggestions that the “syndrome” was referred to as early as in the time of Hippocrates (ca. 460–377 BC). Medical notes at the time referred to women “whose menstruation is less than three days or is meager, are robust, with a healthy complexion and a masculine appearance; yet they are not concerned about bearing children nor do they become pregnant” and suggest that they may have been describing women with PCOS.[2] It has also been recorded that Soranus of Ephesus (ca. AD 98–138) described some women “who did not menstruate at all, whose bodies are of a masculine type . . . we observe that the majority of those not menstruating are rather robust, likemannish and sterile women.” More recent accounts of women who probably had PCOS are given by Maimonides (1135–1204): “there are women whose skin is dry and hard, and whose nature resembles the nature of a man. However, if any woman’s nature tends to be transformed to the nature of a man, this does not arise from medications, but is caused by heavy menstrual activity”; and by the sixteenthcentury obstetrician and surgeon Ambroise Paré (1510–1590), who observed: “Many women, when their flowers or tearmes be stopped, degenerate after a manner into a certaine manly nature, whence they are called Viragines, that is to say stout, or manly women; therefore their voice is loud and bigger, like unto a mans, and they become bearded.”