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A new cold war has already begun. It will be very different from the first cold war, which pitted the United States against the Soviet Union until it dissolved in 1991. In this cold war, the United States faces China, which is both a rival and a partner. With the former Soviet Union, the lines of separation were clear. With China they are not. China and the United States are economically and socially interdependent, more so than the Soviet Union and the United States ever were. Yet the interconnections haven’t prevented them from hurtling into hostility. Paradoxically, their interdependence could make the new cold war more dangerous than the old one. How did things end up in this way? Over the past forty years China and the United States had gotten along remarkably well, despite the vast differences between their political systems and China’s rapid rise as an economic and military rival. They wove a dense fabric of trade, investment, technology, education, and personal ties that benefited people in both countries. China’s transformation into a manufacturing dynamo with a huge appetite for oil, iron, copper, and other raw materials from Africa, Latin America, Asia, and the Middle East helped narrow the global inequalities between wealthy and developing nations. International production chains based on economic advantage rather than on ideology created an incentive for all countries to get along with one another, creating the foundation for this long era of peace. Scientists and engineers born in China, America, and other countries worked side by side in US research labs, making breakthrough discoveries. Students, tourists, and businesspeople flowed back and forth across the Pacific.