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This book reviews some of the more relevant statistical distributions in the literature and their application in several fields of social sciences, including actuarial statistics, finance, income distributions, regional geography, tourism, etc. Undoubtedly, the tool of probability distributions, discrete and continuous, univariate and multivariate, constitutes the fundamental element of work in all these settings. Hence, the first chapter of this book aims to know and present the most important statistical distributions used in those scenarios. Readers with extensive knowledge in the field can ignore this chapter if they are interested in reading later chapters. Therefore, we would like to emphasize that this text is designed in a self-contained way so that those readers who wish to refer to a specific area for those readers who are interested in a particular area can refer directly to it without reading previous chapters. In the second chapter, we study the application of the statistical distributions described in the first chapter in insurance and finance. Here, different methodologies to deal with aggregate claims in an insurance portfolio are discussed. Furthermore, we provide several mathematical methods to calculate premiums and risk measures in insurance, reinsurance, and finance. Finally, risk ordering is considered in the final section of this chapter. In 2019, the tourism industry constituted 10% of the world’s gross domestic product. For that reason, in the third chapter, we consider using the more relevant probabilistic families in tourism. We will focus on variables such as the length of tourist stay at holiday destinations and the expenditure per tourist. This book’s final chapter briefly addresses four areas of economics that have attracted much interest in recent decades from the research community. These include stochastic frontier models, models in Geography in an urban agglomeration analysis, duration models, and income distribution models. A list of exercises proposed at the end of each chapter is included. We encourage the readers to complete this set of problems and prove and obtain the results given in each question. These exercises are, on many occasions, the results of the derivations implemented in each of these chapters. Therefore, they constitute in themselves an invaluable source of expansion of the knowledge acquired in the corresponding chapter. Whether or not engaged in research, we hope that readers find this book a reliable source of information. Without a doubt, we will also appreciate your sending us all the errors that it may contain.