دانلود کتاب هگل – فیلسوف آزادی

When a painter once told Goethe that he wanted to paint the most famous man of the age, Goethe answered that the painter should make his way to Hegel in Berlin. Only afterwards, continued Goethe, should the painter come back to paint the poet’s own portrait in Weimar. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was born under a lucky star, or as Shakespeare wrote, a dancing star. He is the most famous figure in modern philosophy, arguably its greatest master. The two pillars of his thinking are freedom and reason. He lived and philosophized for freedom: Friedrich Hölderlin’s “sacred aim of freedom,” Schelling’s “freedom as the alpha and omega of philosophy,” Schiller’s “world of reason as a world of freedom.” These men were Hegel’s Swabian soulmates, whom Heinrich Heine called “a blooming forest of great men, sprung from Swabian soil, those great oaks whose roots reach the center of the earth and whose branches touch the heaven.” Hegel modeled his own credo after theirs: To philosophize is to learn to live freely. Today, Hegel’s portrait deserves to be finally liberated from clichés and grotesque fairy tales. Hegel was slow and cautious in the development of his philosophy, yet his intellectual growth was like an odyssey of the mind, and contrary to popular belief, his life was full of twists and turns, of suspense and even danger. Hegel grew up in the capital of ducal Württemberg, Stuttgart; his teachers and professors recognized his talent early on. He studied theology in the uni versity town of Tübingen, where Hölderlin and Schelling were his roommates: the greatest college dormitory in philosophical history. Then he worked as a private tutor in aristocratic Bern, with the idyllic Rousseau landscapes of Lake Biel, and in the free city of Frankfurt am Main, where the Bund der Geister (alliance of souls)— Hegel, Hölderlin, Isaac von Sinclair, and Zwilling— hazarded new thought experiments. He gave countless private lessons; collaborated with Schelling in Jena, the philosophical hub of the day; and wrote the brilliant Phenomenology of Spirit, crowning glory of a thousand years of philosophy. In 1807 he went to Franconia (Franken), in the new kingdom of Bayern. He worked as a political journalist in Catholic Bamberg; then, in Protestant Nuremberg (Nürnberg), he founded Germany’s first humanistic Gymnasium, where he wrote his masterpiece, Science of Logic. His first professorship was in Romantic Heidelberg, where he published his first Encyclopedia. Finally, he established himself at the “heart” of the Prussian monarchy, at Berlin university, as the greatest philosopher of his age. Hegel met his most famous contemporaries: Hölderlin and Schelling, Schiller and Goethe, the brothers Friedrich and August Wilhelm Schlegel, Jean Paul, Friedrich Schleiermacher, Wilhelm and Alexander von Humboldt, Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, and Ludwig Feuerbach and Heine, just to name a few. Hegel spoke with the Prussian king, his successor, and the wife of the later king; went on walks with the Karl August, Duke of Weimar, and Goethe at Belvedere Castle; and got an impression of Napoleon at Jena. Yet despite having a wide circle of acquaintances, he remained close with his two best friends, first Hölderlin and then Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer.