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The Eye has once again been fully updated in this new fifth edition. This textbook is aimed at all students and trainees, scientists and researchers, physicians and optometrists who wish to acquire a foundation in the basic sciences of ophthalmology and vision. This is a very broad field since it encompasses all aspects of the life sciences. Indeed, The Eye may also be of interest to established academic ophthalmologists and vision scientists who wish to get up to date with areas of knowledge which are not directly the remit of their clinical practice or research program. In its initial conception, The Eye was put together to fill a need for a single, readable, concise text which could be used by a widely diverse group of individuals dipping their toes into the ocean of knowledge that comprises the science behind ophthalmology and vision. This clearly includes the core disciplines of anatomy, embryology, and vegetative physiology of the eye and neurophysiology of vision. However, in order to gain knowledge relevant to disease processes and therapeutic interventions in the eye, broader information from other disciplines such as pathology, pharmacology, microbiology, genetics, and immunology is essential to a clear understanding. Our understanding of ocular function and disease has advanced exponentially since the publication of the fourth edition. Inevitably this affects some disciplines more than others: advances in genetics have allowed developments in gene therapy and gene editing as well as revealing the important role of epigenetics; microbiology and immunology have been revolutionized by the continuing discoveries relating to the microbiome and in particular the role of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract as an immune organ; drug delivery to the eye remains a major challenge for the pharmacologist; new knowledge of the fluid flow within the eye and the brain has important implications for our concept of anatomical barriers; developments in pathology are providing improved aids to diagnosis. Further, emerging blinding diseases caused by mosquito-borne viral infections including Zika, Dengue and Chikungunya viruses are joining a long list of known pathogens that affect the eye and the CNS. Further, COVID-19 has emerged as a major worldwide pandemic, and while the SARS-CoV-2 virus has not yet been shown to affect the retina, it does invade neurons in the brain. This new edition of The Eye has undergone a major revision in several of the above fields and offers up-to-date, cutting-edge information which will appeal to its core readership, namely trainees in ophthalmology and optometry. We also hope that The Eye will continue to appeal to ophthalmology and vision scientists by providing easily accessible basic information in fields of knowledge which are not their primary discipline. We have retained the original format and subsections, since these appear to work well, and we have further developed the eBook material in a more user-friendly and accessible fashion, while the video material remains unchanged. We also hope that the new edition occupies a space in eye research laboratories across the globe where it can act as a quick “wiki-guide” to basic terminology and understanding. This information in its correct context will be particularly valuable to new recruits to the fascinating world of ophthalmic and visual science.