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The appearance of mathematics-related problems in programming contests is not surprising since Computer Science is deeply rooted in Mathematics. Many interesting real life problems can be modeled as mathematical problems as you will frequently see in this chapter. Recent ICPC problem sets (based on our experience in Asian Regionals) usually contain one or two mathematical problems. Recent IOIs usually do not contain pure mathematics tasks, but many tasks do require mathematical insights. This chapter aims to prepare contestants in dealing with many of these mathematical problems. We are aware that di↵erent countries place di↵erent emphases in mathematics training in pre-University education. Thus, some contestants are familiar with the mathematical terms listed in Table 5.1. But for others, these mathematical terms do not ring a bell, perhaps because the contestant has not learnt it before, or perhaps the term is di↵erent in the contestant’s native language. In this chapter, we want to make a more level-playing field for the readers by listing as many common mathematical terminologies, definitions, problems, and algorithms that frequently appear in programming contests as possible.