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During the last seven decades, the activities connected with nuclear fuel cycle have grown and spread to several countries. The number of students studying nuclear science and technology and personnel engaged in development of fuel cycle tech-nologies has also increased. A textbook covering all the fundamental aspects of the nuclear fuel cycle for the postgraduate students and researchers in the field of nuclear science and technology has been a long-felt need. A limited number of books are available on nuclear fuel cycle, and these do not have a comprehensive and in-depth coverage. Moreover, they are written more than a decade ago and do not cover the latest developments.
The present book is written keeping in mind the students coming out of univer-sities after their graduation. This book can be prescribed as a textbook for a course on nuclear fuel cycle for postgraduate students. The chapters are designed in such a way that the reader is taken from the fundamentals to the advanced level in a gradual manner. The Chap. 1 explains the nuclear fuel cycle, gives basic information about nuclear fuels and reactors and briefly describes the various aspects of the nuclear fuel cycle and the activities under front end and back end. The Chap. 2 explains the starting point of the fuel cycle covering exploration, mining, milling and processing of uranium, production of metal and advanced fuel materials. Enrichment of uranium using different techniques is also covered in this chapter. The chapter on fabrication of nuclear fuel elements introduces different fuel materials for reactors of various types and describes various types of conventional and advanced fuel elements for commer-cial (thermal and fast) reactors and research reactors. Quality control techniques, both physical and chemical, used in nuclear manufacturing facilities are explained in the next chapter. The next chapter deals with the phase equilibria, thermophys-ical and thermochemical properties of nuclear materials with special emphasis on actinide oxides, carbides, nitrides and metal alloys. Chapter 6 explains the various techniques used for postirradiation examination and the data generated useful for the entire nuclear fuel cycle. The chapter on nuclear fuel reprocessing explains the techniques for extraction of valuable plutonium and removal of fission products and minor actinides from the spent (irradiated) fuel. Radioactive waste is generated in the nuclear fuel cycle by different agencies, and the nature and content depend on various factors. The philosophy and the technology of radioactive waste management are explained in Chap. 8. The philosophy and the techniques used for Nuclear Material Accounting and Control (NUMAC) at various stages of nuclear fuel cycle are explained starting from the fundamentals in Chap. 9. The statistical aspects in nuclear accounting are also covered in this chapter. The transport and storage of nuclear material are governed by international laws stipulated by IAEA, and the safety standards are explained in the next chapter. The various terms used and the classification of radioactive materials and the design criteria for the packages for transport are well explained in Chap. 10. Lastly, Chap. 11 deals with the basic principles of radiation protection, definitions and the effects of exposure to radiation exposure. The safety considerations applicable to mines and mills, fuel fabrication facilities, radiological laboratories, hot cells and waste disposal facilities are also discussed in this chapter.
The authors have also made all efforts to include photographs, schematic draw-ings and other illustrations for easy understanding of the subject. References, sugges-tions for additional reading, and wherever possible, exercises are given at the end of the chapters. This book will be useful for any institution (both academic and research) conducting courses on nuclear science and technology and conducting research on related topics. We hope that the international community of academi-cians and researchers will find this book very useful for updating their knowledge on fuel cycle.
We are grateful to Homi Bhabha National Institute (an institution of Department of Atomic Energy, India, with the status of university) for conceiving this book and bringing together a number of experts both serving DAE and retired from service. We are also thankful to all the authors for recording their valuable knowledge and practical experience in writing this book, and to the reviewers who have gone through the chapters and given their critical inputs to ensure that the book provides a balanced and at the same time adequate details of various aspects of fuel cycle.