دانلود کتاب توسعه محصولات چشمی

Diseases of the eye, a complex sensory organ for sight, affect the quality of life of hundreds of millions of people around the world. Eye diseases can result in vision loss or in some cases blindness, if left untreated. To treat eye diseases, ocular therapies and drug products have gone through a long and extensive evolution from early mysticism to more rational approaches. A variety of ophthalmic drug products are now marketed to manage dry eye, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, glaucoma, infection, inflammation, among other eye diseases. The anatomical and physiological barriers of the eye make drug treatment enormously challenging. The ocular surface is complex with multiple tissues protecting the eye from exposure to the external environment. The cornea consists of several layers with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties that hinder absorption of drugs administered to the eye surface. The posterior segment of the eye is not as accessible from topical route, and treatment of diseases of this segment, unlike anterior segment, is usually invasive. Additionally, blood-tissue barriers limit drug delivery from the systemic circulation to the eye and vice versa. Ophthalmic products have evolved steadily from approaches such as topical solutions to complex drug delivery systems, devices, and more recently to gene and cell therapy. In addition, the rapidly evolving advances in diagnostic medical technology tools such as 3D imaging with Optical Coherence Tomography and Corneal Pachymetry have greatly increased the understanding and management of eye diseases. The combination of an aging population and increasing life expectancy has brought the eye disease burden and treatments to the scientific forefront. In product development, scientists address technical complexities for each product, while applying the basic principles of formulation, dosage form development, processing, manufacturing, and the assurance of purity, safety, and efficacy of the manufactured ophthalmic product. This book attempts to piece together a comprehensive narrative of all elements of ophthalmic product development from several distinguished authors. The chapters are structured along this theme and offer a useful guide for scientists, students, regulatory experts, and other personnel working on the commercialization of ophthalmic drug products.