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Nutrition science has traveled a long and bumpy road. The following four quotes illustrate this.
George Bernard Shaw said “Everything I eat has been proved by some doctor or other to be a deadly poison, and everything I don’t eat has been proved to be indispensable for life. But I go marching on.”
Herman Boerhaave (1668–1738) was a great Dutch physician. One story is that he left a book in which he had set out all the secrets of medicine. All the pages of the book were blank except for the one in which it was written: “Keep the head cool, the feet warm and the bowels open.”
It was not so long ago that vegetarians were seen as cranks. Here is what George Orwell had to say on this in The Road to Wigan Pier, written in 1936:
I have here a prospectus [from a socialist summer school] which… asks me to say ‘whether my diet is ordinary or vegetarian’. They take it for granted, you see, that it is necessary to ask this question. This kind of thing is by itself sufficient to alienate plenty of decent people. And their instinct is perfectly sound, for the food-crank is by definition a person willing to cut himself off from human society in hopes of adding five years on to the life of his carcass; this is a person out of touch with the common humanity.
Drummond and Wilbraham published a seminal book entitled The Englishman’s Food in 1939. Jack Drummond was a major nutrition authority in the 1920s and 1930s. They wrote:
So much precise research has been done in the laboratory and so many precise sur¬veys have been made that we know all we need to know about the food requirements of the people….The position is perfectly clear-cut [with respect to Britain].
It would be foolhardy to believe that people today are more accurate in their predictions than their folks. Indeed, it is undeniable that there is much confusion among both the public and health professionals about what and how much to eat. A simple walk through the self-help section of a book store will confirm the existence of many differing opinions of what “preventive nutrition” is all about, many verging on quackery and others built upon solid facts.
The first edition of Nutritional Health was published in 2001, the second edition in 2006, and the third edition in 2012. An overview of nutrition sci¬ence in the third decade of the twenty-first century reveals that much water has flown under the bridge of the advancing river that is nutrition research and practice. At the same time, cultural change at a global, national, and regional level means that our nutrition habits will continue to evolve. We see this most clearly with the huge numbers of new foods that are continually appearing in supermarkets. Another indicator of the rapid pace of change is the hundreds of new “breakthrough” diet and health books that are published every year. With these large accumulations of developments in
the field of nutrition, the need for a new edition of this book is obvious.
During the last century of nutritional advancement, we have frequently been faced with great opportunities that were brilliantly disguised as insolu¬ble problems. Perhaps we are biased but in our eyes problems associated with nutrition are among the most exciting of those in the life sciences.
With a scattering of brilliant exceptions, until the 1970s few gave serious consideration to the notion that our diet plays an important role in chronic diseases such as heart disease and cancer. Today, we have a vastly greater understanding of the role of diet in disease. We know, for example, that the risk of developing heart disease, cancer, obesity, and type 2 diabetes is affected by foods such as whole grain cereals, fruits, vegetables, the kinds of meats that are eaten, and the beverages consumed.
Our vastly improved nutrition knowledge gives us the capability of pre¬venting a sizable fraction of the chronic diseases that afflict the people of our world, but only if these discoveries can be translated into effective action at the population level. In the words of Confucius: “The essence of knowledge is that, having acquired it, one must apply it.” But, ironically, despite over¬whelming evidence that nutrition has such enormous potential to improve human well-being—at modest cost—there is still a chasm between nutrition knowledge and its full exploitation for human betterment.
Nutritional Health endeavors to address the needs of those who would most benefit from up-to-date information on key areas in the field of nutri¬tion. Accordingly, this book contains chapters by experts in a diverse range of nutrition-related areas. Our aim is not so much to cover all the leading edges of nutrition but rather to discuss recent thinking and discoveries, especially in relation to topics that have the greatest capacity to improve human health and nutritional implementation.