دانلود کتاب اینترنت نسل بعدی – ادغام واقعیت و مجازیت در متاورس‌ها

The metaverse—a term that is widely known and used by many people. Nevertheless, discussions often reveal that each user has their own individual idea of what the term means. For this reason, it is essential to precisely define and consider the term metaverse as well as all related terms such as Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), Mixed Reality (MR), and Extended Reality. One main reason for the popularity of the term metaverse is probably that marketing departments of large and small companies quickly jumped on this new buzzword without really understanding what it means. These companies are now trying to use the term for their own purposes, which is understandable given the importance of the term, but it complicates the handling of the term and the topic. There are many attempts to describe the essence of the metaverse. Such descriptions usually sound catchy and interesting, but upon closer inspection, they are at least inaccurate and often also wrong: “The metaverse is the moment when our digital life is worth more than our physical life” says Shaan Puri, tech founder and former Twitch manager [ERL23]. What a sentence and what a statement! However, the question arises whether we as physical humans actually want to leave our physical life behind to move exclusively in the digital world. Although such definitions can be useful for a philosophical engagement with the metaverse, they are not necessarily helpful for the realization of the metaverse. At least they are ambiguously expressed. What Puri means is that “in the next 10 to 20 years” users’ attention will focus more and more on the digital world than on the real world. This is because users will work or live with the screen even more than today. Often, however, a maximum limit seems to have already been reached, as the use of social media on mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets already makes people frequently forget their environment today. “The metaverse is one of the most popular virtual worlds that exist today. It allows users to create their own avatars and explore many different environments. The platform offers hundreds of games that users can play, as well as thousands of different stores where they can buy unique things.” Such and similar definitions, which are quite obviously developed from a marketing perspective, are not helpful for the implementation approach and are also factually inaccurate. Describing the metaverse as one of the most popular virtual worlds can certainly be criticized, as the metaverse as an independent entity does not yet exist. There are only some independent virtual worlds like Fortnite, World of Warcraft, and others that enjoy extremely high popularity. Moreover, the features of the metaverse, such as the ability to create your own avatars and explore environments, are not unique but have long been known and are now established in numerous virtual 3D platforms. The statement that the metaverse offers hundreds of games and thousands of stores should also be viewed critically, as this cannot be considered a real peculiarity. These possibilities have long been available, quite simply through the internet alone. At this point, it must be fairly pointed out that it is not only marketing departments that claim the term “metaverse” for themselves. Both small and large technology companies jump on the term and often hastily claim that they are now and in the future “metaverse companies” and are working to create metaverses to improve or expand people’s digital and physical reality. Of course, these companies must also achieve economic success, and this is to be granted to them. However, upon closer inspection, it becomes apparent that these companies were mostly already active in the fields of 3D computing, virtual reality, or adjacent areas and are merely adding a new label to their portfolio. This is allowed, but they must now also face the criticism that they are not advancing the definition of the metaverse in this way. Undoubtedly, many more equally inadequate definition concepts and perspectives could now be identified that deal with the term in a similarly non-committal manner. However, to enable reliable communication and discussion on the topic, the following sections will first attempt to define the environment of this planned metaverse. The goal is to present a concrete, tangible, and lasting definition in the end. However, a step back should first be taken here. A step that leads back to today’s internet. The internet is one of the most widespread innovations of recent history on a global level. Conceived in the 1960s by ARPA, an institution of the US Department of Defense, as a decentralized and fail-safe communication network, it began in 1969 in the academic research sector. The then ARPANET functioned as an exchange platform for scientific results and was successively expanded with additional nodes as well as suitable communication protocols and applications. In the 1980s, ARPANET transformed into a global communication network. With the development of the World Wide Web by Tim Berners- Lee in 1989 and the subsequent commercialization, the internet became an omnipresent phenomenon. Over the years, the internet has gone through various development phases and has been continuously expanded with new applications, such as “user-generated content” or social networks. The timing of the next revolutionary development remains to be seen. [BRA10] Perhaps it is just around the corner with “the metaverse.” Compared to the current internet, which has gradually built its economic, social, and cultural relevance over a period of three decades, the metaverse is also undergoing a continuous and progressive development. It could indeed be the Trojan horse that enables well-known technologies to break through into a new form of virtual world [SCHm21a].