دانلود کتاب اتوماسیون صنعتی و رباتیک

The word automation comes from the Greek word “automatos,” meaning self-acting. The word automation was coined in the mid-1940s by the U.S. automobile industry to indicate the automatic handling of parts between production machines, together with their continuous processing at the machines. The advances in computers and control systems have extended the definition of automation. By the middle of the 20th century, automation had existed for many years on a small scale, using mechanical devices to automate the production of simply shaped items. However the concept only became truly practical with the addition of the computer, whose flexibility allowed it to drive almost any sort of task. Automation can generally be defined as the process of following a predetermined sequence of operations with little or no human labor, using specialized equipment and devices that perform and control manufacturing processes. Automation in its full sense, is achieved through the use of a variety of devices, sensors, actuators, techniques, and equipment that are capable of observing the manufacturing process, making decisions concerning the changes that need to be made in the operation, and controlling all aspects of it. Automation is the process in industry where various production operations are converted from a manual process, to an automated or mechanized process. Example: Let’s assume that a worker is operating a metal lathe. The worker collects the stock, already cut to size, from a bin. He then places it in the lathe chuck, and moves the various hand-wheels on the machine to create a component; a bolt could be such an item. When finished the worker begins the process again to make another item. This would be a manual process. If this process were automated, the worker would place long lengths of bar into the feed mechanism of an automatic lathe. The lathe mechanisms feed the material into the chuck, turn the piece to the correct shape and size, and cut it off the bar before beginning another item. This is an example of an automated machine in a manufacturing process. Automation is a step beyond mechanization, where human operators are provided with machinery to help them in their jobs. Industrial robotics are said to be the most visible part of automation. Modern automated processes are mostly controlled by computer programs, which through the action of sensors and actuators, monitor progress and control the sequences of events until the process is complete. Decisions made by the computer ensure that the process is completed accurately and quickly.