دانلود کتاب حاکمیت بر بازارهای کربن با فناوری دفتر کل توزیع شده

In July 2018, the BCI released the world’s first book to combine the debates on blockchain technology and climate action. Transforming Climate Finance and Green Investment with Blockchains (ed. A. Marke, Academic Press 2018) collates a myriad use cases about blockchain applications in renewable energy, climate finance disbursement, emissions trading and the enforcement of green regulations. Following its success, the BCI is proud to present its second book, Governing Carbon Markets with Distributed Ledger Technology, as another pioneering effort that combines thought leadership on blockchain technology and regulation of the steadily expanding carbon market in an era of technological innovation and disruption. Carbon markets involve complex governance challenges, which range from ensuring transparency of emissions and facilitating as well as recording transactions to overseeing market activity and preventing abuse. Conventionally, these have been addressed with a combination of regulatory, procedural and technical structures that impose significant burdens on market participants and administrators while remaining vulnerable to system shocks and illicit practices. The carbon markets spearheaded by the Kyoto Protocol (notably the CDM) were aimed at assisting developed countries to reach their emissions targets. From 1997 onwards, several regional, national and subnational carbon markets have been established in the developed world, including the EU ETS in 2005. Despite their proliferation, many carbon markets have struggled to meaningfully curb global emissions. Early carbon markets were handicapped by limited geographic and sectoral scope; international emissions trading under the Kyoto Protocol, for instance, was open for participation only to developed countries with emissions targets, and excluded both developing country parties – some of which were major emitters – and the private sector. Other challenges encountered in many carbon markets include an excessive supply of carbon credits, double counting of emissions reductions, carbon reduction projects having significant adverse local impacts owing to insufficient safeguards and creation of perverse incentives such as countries adopting lower emissions reduction standards to allow for selling of emissions reductions.