دانلود کتاب فارماکولوژی رفتاری سیستم کولینرژیک

The focus of this CTBN volume aims to provide an overview of cholinergic systems in relation to their effects on behavior and disease. Our intent was to organize a broad series of reviews that summarizes the past and current knowledge of cholinergic systems with in-depth discussions on the potential opportunities for harnessing this information for therapeutic development across central nervous system (CNS) disorders. This volume contains a collection of multidisciplinary chapters authored by leading experts who have made significant contributions in the field. Research on cholinergic neurotransmission has revealed the diversity of behaviors this system modulates, including cognitive processes, pain, dependence, and addiction, among others. Dysfunction of the cholinergic system underlies nicotine addiction and has been implicated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders including dementia, pain, and Alzheimer’s disease. The molecular genetics of the cholinergic system including both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, cholinesterases, acetylcholine synthesis and release have provided significant insights into potential targets for pharmacological intervention. Cholinergic drugs are being used and are being evaluated for the treatment of many CNS diseases. Thus, this volume aims to broaden our understanding of the current state of cholinergic mechanisms to enable the implementation of novel approaches for the development of more effective treatments. Acetylcholine (ACh), identified as a key neurotransmitter, has been observed to exert multiple effects on physiological functions which has paved the way toward the identification and characterization of two distinct receptor subtypes: nicotinic (nAChR) and muscarinic receptors (mAChR). In both cases, the effects of naturally occurring drugs acting on nAChRs and mAChRs have been exploited for both therapeutic and nontherapeutic purposes for hundreds of years, well before these receptors were identified. The first review presented by Bertrand and Wallace in the chapter “A Review of the Cholinergic System and Therapeutic Approaches to Treat Brain Disorders” will act as a foundational chapter to introduce cholinergic neurobiology and provides an in-depth discussion on the nAChR and mAChR receptors systems, their function and the opportunity that targeting these systems provide for novel medications across disorders. The reader will note that several authors introduce the cholinergic receptor systems throughout the book for the purposes of their individual discussions, and this is the strength of the book in that each chapter can stand on its own, as well as contributes to the broader vision of the book. Following the introduction, we evaluate cholinergic contributions to cognitive function including sensory perception and attention, memory and working memory processes from ex vivo preparations through rodents, nonhuman primates, and human behaviors. In the chapter “Acetylcholine and Spontaneous Recognition Memory in Rodents and Primates,” Easton, Barros, and Lever assess the impact of cholinergic manipulations on memory and highlight important considerations of what is meant by memory and how it is being modeled. In particular, they focus on the issue of translation from animal research into the clinic which is a key concern and argue that it is essential to move away from considering the debate to be one of ACh involvement in broadly described terms of “memory” or “attention,” but instead argue that one needs to look carefully at the precise nature of the behavioral task being used and the nature of the behavioral impairment. Specific hypotheses about the nature of acetylcholine’s function can be best arrived at through the careful consideration of specific elements of behavior and its relation to the manipulation at hand.