دانلود کتاب زیست شناسی مصنوعی

Synthetic Biology is an exciting and rapidly evolving interdisciplinary research field which aims to provide a systematic framework for the engineering of biological systems and cells at the genetic level. What makes synthetic biology so unique? In part, the application of engineering principles and systematic design tools involving computational modeling, modular parts and standardised measurements. These principles are completely novel in the field of reprogramming cellular systems at the genetic level for desired functional outputs. This powerful engineering approach has the potential to transform both our fundamental understanding of biological systems and our ability to manipulate them for societal benefit. Why now? The origins of Synthetic Biology can be traced back to the early 1960s when developments in our understanding of the genetic code in the form of DNA led to the central dogma of molecular biology: DNA encodes RNA, which encodes protein macromolecules. This powerful dogma, combined with techniques first developed in the 1970s that allowed the manipulation, transfer and cloning of DNA, has underpinned much of our understanding of molecular biosciences and cell biology and has quickly led to the genome revolution which we are currently experiencing. This rapid growth in molecular and genomic understanding was enabled by the parallel developments of new technologies and capabilities including increasing computing power and the establishment of sophisticated information systems, and the ability to rapidly sequence DNA. Together all of these components culminated in 2000 to a landmark moment in human scientific understanding with the completion of the human genome sequence. In 2015, we nowhave complete genome sequences for nearly every major class of organism on Earth. For the first time, we have complete lists of the basic components encoded at the genetic level that constitute living systems, accessible from any web browser in the world including a mobile phone. This rapid accumulation of biological information is correlated with the increasingly interdisciplinary nature of biological research. One unique aspect of Synthetic Biology is therefore the fusion of engineers and engineering principles with molecular cellular and systems biology thinking.