دانلود کتاب میکروب های ریزوسفر – مدیریت استرس بیوتیک

For sustainable food production and food security at global level in the line of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), food supplies must keep pace with increasing population that can partially be accomplished by reducing the yield losses caused by the devastating pest and pathogens. Doubling in global food demand by 2050, changing climatic conditions impose a number of challenges towards agricultural sustainability. Today, crop production to fulfil food demands is being enhanced by the increasing application of agrochemical inputs, which act as plant growth regulators, plant nutrients supplier and plant protectors. Apart from increasing cost of production, excessive use of agrochemicals increases the possibilities of residual effects in agricultural commodities, land degradation and deterioration of environmental health. With the increasing world population and global demand for food, there is an urgent need to adopt sustainable approaches to ensure perpetual agricultural production with less or no use of agrochemicals. Besides urbanization, reduction in arable land and land degradation, numerous biotic stresses cause significant crop loss from field to storage. The biotic factors include insect-pest, pathogens, weeds and others including both vertebrates and invertebrates. The average yield losses due to biotic stress factors, i.e. insect-pest and disease, have been reported to be as high as 40% every year at global level (FAO 2015). Management of biotic stresses mainly relies on the use of toxic chemical pesticides and resistant plant varieties. The use of resistant plant varieties is an important approach for conferring agricultural sustainability. However, non-availability of suitable donor parents and the breakdown of resistance have still remained a great concern. Further, negative impact of plant protection agrochemicals on the non-target microflora and fauna, environment, animal and human health has forced researchers to explore alternative measures for management of biotic stresses of important crop plants. Among the more recent strategies, stress tolerance/resistance induced by inducers of microbial origin and/or rhizosphere microorganisms has emerged as a promising approach in crop protection. The multidimensional factors involved in microbial communities present in the ecosystems which can provide the answers to the current agricultural problems. Microbial communities play a significant role in microbe-microbe, microbe-insect/pest and plant-microbe interactions which have not yet been fully exploited to harness their potential benefits to achieve agricultural sustainability. There are numerous microorganisms comprising fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria having mechanisms of plant growth promotion and biological control properties.