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If you are reading this book, then you probably have at least a vague interest in EBM (evidence- based medicine). After all, it is an inescapable buzzword in modern medicine and provokes an extreme range of reactions— from repulsion, to a belief in it as the panacea of sound clinical practice. Regardless of your preconceptions, our aim for this book has always been simple: to demonstrate that EBM is an accessible and valuable tool when applied in the appropriate clinical context. For this refreshed second edition, we have aimed to maintain this straightforward approach to the interpretation of EBM. The greatest difficulty with EBM is that different readers will interpret a paper differently; for example, an academic’s or a statistician’s view may be markedly distinct from that of a clinician. Both may be correct in their analysis, but their differing backgrounds, experiences, and ultimate goals yield differences of opinion in their conclusions. In many cases, it can simply be a lack of training that leads to avoidance of critique in certain aspects of a paper. For example, medical students receive little exposure to applied statistics during their training, making critique of the results section a frightening task. Not knowing how and where to look can make EBM seem an untamable beast best left for someone else to deal with. However, without rigorous scrutiny, EBM is meaningless. External factors, such as cost and bureaucracy, are inherent to all health- care systems but should not restrict the contribution of high- quality evidence to clinical advances. Our hope is that this book will join the many resources that have sprung up in recent years to ensure that EBM remains free from undue influences and becomes a subject that is part- and- parcel of everyday clinical practice for health- care workers of all levels and backgrounds. We have attempted to strike a balance between complexity and accessibility in ensuring that primary scientific and statistical facts are interpreted within a practical clinical context. The introductory chapters provide the background and framework for this process, while the template- based interpretations of our expert clinicians demonstrate the process of critical analysis of papers that have made key changes to their clinical practice. This book will attract comments and, no doubt, criticism. It is not all- encompassing, and there are unavoidable gaps. One such omission from the first edition (that we have now addressed) was the exclusion of Paediatrics— a specialty that has embraced the challenges of EBM in a complex patient population. EBM is an inexact science, with opinion and consensus forming a valuable component of its safe application to clinical practice. We welcome your feedback (please submit this via the book’s page on the OUP website— M http:// www.oup.com/uk/medicine/handbooks). We appreciate the opinions of our readers and will endeavour to incorporate suggested changes into future editions.