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It all started in the early 1900s in the USA, in Massachusetts. It was the beginning of the modern era of using mice in scientific research, first for genetic studies, but soon after also for cancer studies, especially after the creation of the first inbred mouse, the C57Bl/6, developed by Clarence Cook Little.
Thereafter, the use of mouse models increased steadily, as mice and humans share about 70% of the same protein-coding gene sequences. Mouse models play a crucial role in cancer research as they provide a controlled and reproducible experimental system to study differ-ent aspects of cancer biology, including prevention, development, progression, and treat-ment, all of which are studied at different levels: the microenvironment, the mezzo-environment (organ level), and the macro-environment (whole organism). These models, which are often genetically modified or implanted with human tumor cells, offer insights into cancer development that are difficult to gain through clinical trials alone.
The development of the use of mouse models in cancer research has been further advanced by the application of the 3R (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement) princi-ples. The application of the 3R principles in cancer mouse model research helps to ensure that research is conducted ethically and minimizes the use of animals while maintaining scientific rigor. In addition, the implementation of ARRIVE (Animal Research Reporting In Vivo Experiments) and PREPARE (Planning Research and Experimental Procedures on Animals: Recommendations for Excellence) guidelines in mouse cancer research has improved the quality and translational value of the research.
Mouse models are an irreplaceable tool for understanding tumor development and progression by investigating how specific mutations contribute to the development and progression of cancer. Mouse cancer models are used to test potential cancer therapies, including chemotherapy, targeted therapies, and immunotherapies. The efficacy, toxicity, and safety of different treatments can be evaluated to identify promising candidates for further testing in clinical trials. In addition, mouse models can be used to study the mechanisms underlying treatment resistance so that strategies can be developed to over-come it. Mouse models are also suitable for the study of personalized medicine. In patient-derived xenograft models, human tumor tissue is implanted into mice. These models allow researchers to test a patient’s specific tumor response to different therapies, facilitating personalized treatment approaches. In addition, mouse models can also be used to study the effects of lifestyle factors, environmental influences, and preventive measures on cancer development, contributing to the development of cancer prevention strategies.
This book presents various models for cancer studies, from leukemia and lymphoma models to different types of subcutaneous and orthotopic models. In addition, models for the healing process and the assessment of the immuneresponse afterlocal ablativetherapies are discussed. The final chapters of the book deal with different imaging techniques that allow visualization of cancer at the cellular and tissue levels. Finally, a detailed description of necropsy is explained, which is essential for obtaining good biomaterial for translational research.