دانلود کتاب مترولوژی و عدم قطعیت اندازه‌گیری

Metrology is strategic for a nation’s development and fundamental for organizations’ technological and commercial growth. The specialist professional involved daily in measurement activities must know the mathematical foundations, statistical tools, techniques, practices, and operating procedures. The International Vocabulary of Metrology—Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM) defines Metrology as the “science of measurements and its applications.” The VIM complements this definition with a note: “Metrology includes all theoretical and practical aspects of measurements, whatever the measurement uncertainty and field of application.” Analyzing the definition, we need theoretical knowledge about the concepts and measurement techniques, the perception of the magnitudes of influence, and obtain consistent, practical results. Since internal and external factors influence measurement results for the measurement process, we need to estimate the measurement uncertainty associated with usage requirements. The book’s methodology for estimating measurement uncertainty follows the guidelines presented in the Guide for the Expression of Measurement Uncertainty (GUM), recommended by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM). Throughout this book, we incorporated the conceptual definitions found in VIM and complemented them with additional clarifications when deemed necessary. We also adopted the BIPM edition of the International System of Units (SI) as an essential reference. It already incorporates the new definitions of the SI base units, which came into force on May 20, 2019. This material is a new edition of the book published in Brazil in 2020 by GEN— Grupo Editorial Nacional, entitled “Metrologia e incerteza de medição: conceitos e aplicações”. This new edition, which maintains the same original name, was adapted to an international metrological context and expanded. We include an additional chapter highlighting measurement uncertainty in conformity assessment processes. In this book, we seek to present and discuss the concepts and tools in a very technical language but in a didactic, clear, and simple way. Several practical examples and solved exercises were incorporated, as well as several others to be worked on by the reader. Mid- and higher-level professionals can absorb and apply the knowledge immediately in the industry or their laboratory activities. The first chapter analyzes the history of measurements and units of measurement, ending with the presentation of the International System of Units (SI) and associated concepts. The second chapter addresses the basic concepts of metrology, discussing its importance and objectives. It presents the metrological structure at the international, regional, and national levels for metrology (legal and scientific) and ends with the interconnection of metrology with standardization. In the third chapter, we present the concept of significant digits, the rounding techniques, and how to apply them in a measurement result. We highlight the main ideas and statistical tools used in metrology, such as the mean, standard deviation, variance, and the most usual probability distributions adopted in the study of metrology (uniform, triangular, normal, and t-Student). Chapter 4 analyzes the critical metrological characteristics of measurement systems, presents the types and possible errors encountered in the measurement process, and reinforces the concepts of accuracy and precision. The fifth and sixth chapters explore the types of uncertainty and how to evaluate their values, considering the measurement carried out both directly and indirectly. As mentioned, the methodology for estimating measurement uncertainty follows the Guide for the Expression of Measurement Uncertainty (GUM) guidelines. We dedicate three chapters of this book to calibration and measurement uncertainty in process conformity. We detail the metrological traceability chain and how to choose a measurement standard considering the process’s tolerance. We present calibration examples for different measuring instrument types. We adjust the calibration points using a function and check the influence of this adjustment on the final uncertainty. We also perform a detailed analysis and interpretation of the calibration certificates.